Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205
(193-b) (no aspect marking and set A instead of set B marking) in
contrast to the grammatical type1 complement in (193-a). If, however,
the verb of the complement sentence is nominalized via derivational
morphology, e.g. skamb'al in example (193-c), then it can occur with
tol.
(193) a. ;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol x-;-kam no'
B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP PERF-B3-die NCL
chee
horse
`Micaela heard that the horse has died.'
b. * ;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol s-kam no' chee
B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP A3-die NCL horse
`Micaela heard that the horse dies.'
c. ;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol s-kam-b'al no'
B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP A3-die-INSTR NCL
txitam
pig
`Micaela heard that the pig was scheduled to die.'
The PV ab' `hear' obtains a hearsay meaning when used with type1
complements as illustrated in the examples below:
(194) a. x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol ;-b'et naj
PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP B3-walk NCL
Luin txomb'al yet ewi'
Peter market when yesterday
`Micaela heard that Peter went to the market yesterday.'
b. x-;-y-ab' ix Mikin tol ;-y-ootaj
PERF-B3-A3-hear NCL Micaela COMP B3-A3-know
ix Xhuin chi-;-y-a'-ok paat
NCL Juana IMPF-B3-A3-put-DIR tortillas
`Micaela heard that Juana knows how to make tortillas.'
A di erence between the presence and the absence of tol can be derived
from its occurrence with the matrix predicate oche `want' when
the complement contains the existential predicate ey as can be seen in
example (195). While in the absence of the complementizer the sentence
expresses `I want tohave a lot of money' (195-a), the addition of
tol renders the sentence more emphatic as shown in example (195-b).