Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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236 6. TYPOLOGY OF PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS In Russian, kak-PVCs have to conform to the restriction that `the temporal relationship of the complement and matrix sentence actions is obligatorily understood as simultaneous' Brecht (1974), 211, i.e. for a matrix verb in past tense, either present or past, but no future tense is possible in the PVC (32), and for a matrix verb in present tense, only present tense is allowed, compare the examples in (33). (32) a. Ja videl, kak Anna citaet knigu. Ì saw Anna reading a book.' b. Ja videl, kak Anna citala knigu. Ì saw Anna reading a book.' c. *Ja videl, kak Anna budet citat knigu. Brecht (1974), 211 (33) a. Ja vizu, kak Anna citaet knigu. Ì see Anna reading a book.' b. *Ja vizu, kak Anna citala knigu. c. *Ja vizu, kak Anna budet citat knigu. Brecht (1974), 211 The PARA PVC in Malagasy must have the same tense marking as the matrix clause as illustrated in (34-a){(34-c), whereas tense marking di erent from the matrix clause is ungrammatical as is shown in (35). (34) a. Nahita azy nandalo aho. `Je l'ai vu passer.' b. Mahita azy mandalo aho. `Je le vois qui passe.' c. Hahita azy handalo hianao. `Vous la verrez passer.' Malzac (1960), 136 (35) N-a-hita an-dRabe [n-/ *h-/ *m- iala PT-ACT-seen ACC-Rabe [PT-/ *FUT-/ *PRES- ACT.exit ny ara] aho. the car] NOM1 Ì saw Rabe get out of the car.' Keenan (1996) 2.8. Summary. All ve complementtypes are attested as event denoting PVCs as summarized in Table 2. IND event denoting PVCs can occur without a complementizer as in Mohawk or Cambodian, or with a complementizer as in Russian. SUB PVCs are used in Greek and Arberesh. A PARA PVC is used in Malagasy. NMLZ PVC are the most frequent strategy in my sample for event denoting PVCs. I distinguished case marked NMLZs from those with a subject in the genitive and those with accusative subjects. Finally, INF PVCs occur in Romance, German, and English. Tense-aspect restrictions (indicated
3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 237 Table 2. Event denoting PVC types PVC type Language IND, - COMP Mohawk, Cambodian IND, + COMP Russian (+TAR) SUB, + COMP Modern Greek (+TAR), Arberesh (+TAR) PARA Malagasy (+TAR) INF Romance, German, English NMLZ, case marked Japanese (+TAR) NMLZ, ACC S Nez Perce NMLZ, GEN S Malagasy (+TAR), Fiji, Akatek, German, English as (+TAR) in Table 2) were observed for event denoting PVC types that allow tense or aspect marking. In the next section I present the PVC types that can be used to denote propositions. According to Hypothesis I, there should be at least one for every language under investigation. 3. Proposition denoting PVC types There are proposition denoting PVC types in all the languages that were investigated. However, no PARA types occurred. Therefore, further studies of PVC systems in languages with PARA complements are necessary. The IND type PVC is the most frequently used complement type to express propositions. Proposition denoting SUB, INF and NMLZ PVCs have so far only been attested for Akatek, English and Japanese, respectively. The proposition denoting PVC types may inmany languages also be employed to convey events, except when evidentials are added, which unambiguously indicates that the complement denotes a proposition. 3.1. Indicative PVCs. Proposition denoting IND PVCs occur either with or without a complementizer. The use of evidentials with IND PVCs is illustrated for Cayuga. Other languages which do not use a complementizer are Nez Perce and Mohawk. In some languages, e.g. English and Akatek, the complementizer is optional. The strategy IND + COMP to express propositions is the most frequent strategy in the sample. 3.1.1. Indicative, + Evidential. In Cayuga, the addition of an evidential, which by itself is a clause, in a given string of clauses indicates that what follows has the status of a proposition (36). Since events cannot be more or less certain, adding the evidential marker a:ye:' ìt
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
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Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
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Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234: 5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238: 1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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Page 243 and 244: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 245: 2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
Page 249 and 250: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 251 and 252: 3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 253 and 254: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
Page 255 and 256: 4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
Page 257 and 258: CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
Page 259 and 260: 3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
Page 261 and 262: 4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
Page 263 and 264: 5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
Page 265 and 266: ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
Page 267 and 268: ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
Page 269 and 270: Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
Page 271 and 272: Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
Page 273 and 274: Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
Page 275 and 276: Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
Page 277 and 278: Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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