Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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172 5. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN AKATEK b. jach ;-y-il ix Mikin s-ma'-on naj PRO2s B3-A3-see NCL Micaela A3-hit-SUF NCL Xhunik John Ìt was you who Micaela saw John hitting (you).' The direct object of the complement clause can be raised to the position of the direct object of the matrix predicate as demonstrated in (101-a). It is ungrammatical to retain the object marking on the type2 complement (101-b), which is possible in example (100-a), where no object raising has occurred. (101) a. jach x-ach-y-il ix Mikin s-ma'-on PRO2s PERF-B2-A3-see NCL Micaela A3-hit-SUF naj Xhunik NCL John Ìt was you whom Micaela saw John hit.' b. * jach x-ach-y-il ix Mikin PRO2s PERF-B2-A3-see NCL Micaela ach-s-ma'-on naj Xhunik B2-A3-hit-SUF NCL John Ìt was you whom Micaela saw John hit.' The whole type2 complement can also be clefted as demonstrated in example (102) for the intransitive complement aweltoj `your leaving' and in (103) for the transitive complement atzok'on si' `your cutting rewood'. These constructions indicate that the perception happens precisely at the moment when the perceived event takes place. With atype2 complement denoting an event that has no concrete beginning and end as e.g. amulna `your working', PVC cleft is unacceptable as shown in example (104). (102) ja'-; aw-el-toj (x)-;-y-il ix Mikin. CFT-B3 A2-leave-DIR PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela `Micaela saw you leaving (at the moment you were leaving).' (103) ja'-; ;-a-tzok'-on si' (x)-;-y-il ix CFT-B3 B3-A2-cut-SUF Mikin. Micaela rewood PERF-B3-A3-see NCL `Micaela saw you cutting were cutting wood).' rewood (at the moment you
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-; a-mulna x-;-y-il ix Mikin CFT-B3 A2-work PERF-B3-A3-see NCL Micaela `Micaela saw your working.' In sum, I have demonstrated that the subject or the object of a type2 PVC oreven the whole type2 PVC can be clefted. 3.1.8. Summary. A summary of the structural criteria used for the characterization of type2 PVCs in Akatek is given in Table 9. Type2 PVCs are nominal adjuncts. Regarding the typology of complementation presented in chapter 2, section 4.2, type2 PVCs are nominalizations (NMLZs). This complement type lacks complementizers as well as aspect marking. The aktionsart markers for the durative or the iterative are grammatical. Neither determiners, nor pluralization occur. Regarding passive and antipassive I showed that the complete PVC can be passivized or antipassivized. If the PV is passivized, either the whole PVC or only PVC subject can be the PV subject. An antipassivized PV, on the other hand, can take notype2 complements. In complex perception constructions, type2 PVCs can be clefted either as wholes, or the subject or object of the PVC can be clefted. Table 9. Structural characterization of type2 PVCs Criterion Type2 PVC Constituency nominal Complementizer - Complement type NMLZ Aspect: PERF/IMPF - Tense-aspect: IMPFP - Tense: FUT - Aktionsart: DUR/ITE + Determiners - Pluralization - Passive PVC + Passive PV: whole PVC + Passive PV: PVC subject + Antipassive PVC + Antipassive PV - Cleft : PVC subject + Cleft : PVC object + Cleft : PVC +
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
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5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
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CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
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1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
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2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
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3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
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4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
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5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
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CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
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1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
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1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
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2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
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3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
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4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
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5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
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CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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Page 131 and 132: 2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 121
Page 141 and 142: 3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 143 and 144: 3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
Page 145 and 146: CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148: 1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152: 2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 185 and 186: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 193 and 194: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
Page 195 and 196: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
Page 197 and 198: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210: 3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
Page 221 and 222: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
Page 227 and 228: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230: 4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232: 5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
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5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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