Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

240 6. TYPOLOGY OF PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS
(43) a. O Yiannis ide [oti i Maria ehi fai to milo].
the Yiannis saw [COMP the Maria has eaten the apple]
b. Xhiuvani ka pare [se Maria ka ngrone moghin].
Xhiuvani has seen [COMP Maria has eaten
`John saw that Maria has eaten the apple.'
Guasti (1993), 143
apple]
In Romance languages and in German, an indicative complement
with a complementizer encodes proposition denoting PVCs. Example
(44) is from French and (45) from German.
(44) J'ai senti [que quelqu'un a touche mon bras].
I.have felt [that somebody has touched my arm]
`I felt someone touch my arm.' Horie (1993), 190
(45) Er
he
sah, [da sie allein uber die Strasse gegangen war].
saw [COMP she alone over ART street walked was]
`He saw that she had crossed the street all by herself.'
In Malagasy, the complementizer fa is equivalent to the English
complementizer `that' (Malzac, 1960). It serves to combine two clauses,
if the rst contains a verb like `tell', `say', `see', `know', `believe', `hope',
etc. Examples (46) and (47) demonstrate constructions with the root
passive perception verb tsapa `felt', the former in a passive construction
and the latter in an active construction with the abilitative/causative
active pre x aha.
(46) tsapa-ko [fa mahalala fomba ry zareo]
felt-GEN1 [COMP know ways ART they]
`I think that they are polite.' Keenan (1996)
(47) m-aha-tsapa aho [fa mazoto miasa izy]
PRES-cause-felt NOM1 [COMP energetic works NOM3]
`I feel that he is energetic in working.' Keenan (1996)
In Fijian, proposition denoting PVCs have the structure of main
clauses, they also show normal pronominal person marking, in example
(48) third person plural ra. In addition, they are introduced by the
complementizer ni.
meaning to the factive oti. Future research has to explore the speci c role of these
additional complementizers in Greek PVCs.