Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

More documents

Recommendations

Info

42 2. PERCEPTION VERBS AND THEIR COMPLEMENTS have no dependent verb forms at all. They are Banda Linda (Niger- Congo), Chinese (Sino-Tibetan), Hmong Njua (Miao-Yao), Kayardild (Australian), 10 Slave (Na-Dene), Tok Pisin (Creole), and Vietnamese (Mon-Khmer). As was already noted above, the other major strategy for distinguishing event denoting from proposition denoting PVCs is the use of complementizers. Languages like Russian or Cambodian, which use independent complementtypes with both perception and knowledge predicates, are still able to distinguish event denoting PVCs from proposition denoting PVCs via the use of complementizers as has been illustrated in Table 4. However, in a language like Chinese, there are no complementizers. Therefore, even though it is clear that languages with independent verb forms in PVCs denoting events as well as in PVCs denoting propositions can use complementizers, the case of Chinese indicates that there must be an additional strategy. The complementation system in Chinese consists in mere juxtaposition of the form NP V NP V NP V etc. An example for a PVC in Chinese is provided in (27). The sentence is ambiguous between denoting the perception of an event and the interpretation as a cognitive insight in form of a proposition. (27) Wo kanjian ta zai nar xie-x n. I see he CoV there write-letter Ì saw that he was writing a letter.' Ì saw him write a letter.' Chao (1986), 126 (quoted from Bisang (1992), 192) The interpretation of complex constructions in Chinese depends on inference based on language-dependent knowledge, pragmatic factors, language independent knowledge, and universal linguistic principles (Li & Thompson, 1978). 10 The PV kurri `see' in Kayardild can take a nominalized PVC as illustrated in example (i). (i) ngada kurri-ja bilwan-ji bakii-n-ki NOM1s see-ACTU them-ACTU all-NMZR-ACTU kalajala-n-ki. wander.around-NMZR-ACTU Ì saw them all wandering about.' Evans (1994), 215 The nominalized and hence dependent verb form of the PVC in example (i) suggests that Kayardild is not among the languages using only independent verb forms in complements.
4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 As opposed to Horie (1993) and Cristofaro (1998), who distinguish between two basic complement types, Noonan (1985) identi es six di erent complement types: indicative complements, subjunctive complements, paratactic complements, in nitives, nominalizations and participles. Indicative (INDs) and subjunctive (SUBs) complements are both sentence-like, subjunctive complements occur in languages that also have indicative complements. Subjunctive complements di er from indicatives in mood, which can be realized in a variety ofways: either they have a non-indicative verb form or conjugation, or they occur with modal particles or special complementizers. Example (28) shows an indicative PVC in Greek with the complementizer oti (COMP), which di ers from the subjunctive PVC in (29) marked as subjunctive by the particle na (SP). (28) Esthanthike [oti i siz tisi tane peritt ] feel.3s.PT [COMP the discussion be.3s.PT redundant] `He felt that the discussion was redundant' Alexia Kallia (p.c.) (29) Ton vlepo [na kolimba] ACC3s see.1s.PRES [SP swim.3s.PRES] Ì see him swim.' Alexia Kallia (p.c.) In paratactic complements (PARAs), the notional subject of the complement does not form a constituent with the complement predicate but is retrieved from the preceding clause. Paratactic complements can be used as independent sentences, they cannot take complementizers. An example for a paratactic PVC in Hausa is provided in (30). (30) Na gan sh [yana aiki] 1sPERF see him [be.at.3s work] Ì saw him, he is working. (I saw him working.)' Noonan (1985), 56 In Noonan's typology of complement types in nitives (INFs) are dened as verb-likeentities that lack syntactic relations to their notional subject. Except for subject agreement and mood, in nitive complements may be in ected for all verbal categories such as tense-aspect, voice, object agreement, etc. Example (31) shows an in nitive PVCin Spanish.
Page 1 and 2: Perception verb complements in Akat
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments This is the place t
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
Page 13 and 14: 1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
Page 19 and 20: 2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
Page 21 and 22: 2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
Page 23 and 24: 2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
Page 25 and 26: 3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
Page 27 and 28: 4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
Page 29 and 30: 5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
Page 33 and 34: 1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
Page 35 and 36: 2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
Page 37 and 38: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
Page 39 and 40: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
Page 41 and 42: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
Page 43 and 44: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
Page 45 and 46: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
Page 47 and 48: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
Page 49 and 50: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
Page 51: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 41 T
Page 55 and 56: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 45 T
Page 57 and 58: 5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
Page 61 and 62: 1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
Page 63 and 64: 1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
Page 65 and 66: 1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
Page 67 and 68: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
Page 69 and 70: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
Page 71 and 72: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
Page 73 and 74: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
Page 75 and 76: 3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
Page 89 and 90: 4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
Page 99 and 100: 5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
Page 103 and 104:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
Page 105 and 106:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
Page 107 and 108:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
Page 109 and 110:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
Page 111 and 112:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
Page 113 and 114:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
Page 115 and 116:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
Page 117 and 118:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
Page 119 and 120:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
Page 121 and 122:
1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
Page 123 and 124:
2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
Page 143 and 144:
3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
Page 145 and 146:
CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
Page 147 and 148:
1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
Page 149 and 150:
2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 151 and 152:
2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
Page 153 and 154:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
Page 155 and 156:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
Page 157 and 158:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
Page 159 and 160:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
Page 161 and 162:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
Page 163 and 164:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
Page 165 and 166:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
Page 167 and 168:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
Page 169 and 170:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
Page 171 and 172:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
Page 173 and 174:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
Page 175 and 176:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
Page 177 and 178:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
Page 179 and 180:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
Page 181 and 182:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
Page 183 and 184:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
Page 185 and 186:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
Page 187 and 188:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
Page 189 and 190:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
Page 191 and 192:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
Page 193 and 194:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
Page 195 and 196:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
Page 197 and 198:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
Page 199 and 200:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
Page 201 and 202:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
Page 203 and 204:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
Page 205 and 206:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
Page 207 and 208:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
Page 209 and 210:
3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
Page 211 and 212:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
Page 213 and 214:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
Page 215 and 216:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
Page 217 and 218:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
Page 219 and 220:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
Page 221 and 222:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
Page 229 and 230:
4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
Page 231 and 232:
5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
Page 233 and 234:
5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
Page 235 and 236:
CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
Page 237 and 238:
1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
Page 239 and 240:
2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
Page 241 and 242:
2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
Page 243 and 244:
2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
Page 245 and 246:
2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
Page 247 and 248:
3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
Page 255 and 256:
4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
Page 257 and 258:
CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
Page 259 and 260:
3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
Page 261 and 262:
4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
Page 263 and 264:
5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
Page 265 and 266:
ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
Page 267 and 268:
ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
Page 269 and 270:
Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
Page 271 and 272:
Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
Page 273 and 274:
Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
Page 275 and 276:
Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
Page 277 and 278:
Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
show all

Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?