Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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70 3. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN ENGLISH All the complementtypes investigated here allow pronominalization and coordination. (59), for example, shows the pronominalization of NI-PVCs, and (60) the conjunction of NI-PVCs and ing-PVCs: (59) Isaw [John hit the little girl] and Mary saw ittoo. Gee (1977), 468 (60) Isaw [John hit the little girl] and [Mary looking away]. An argument against the constituency of NI-PVCs is that they resist passivization (61-a), and that they cannot appear in cleft constructions (61-b) (Akmajian, 1977). In the sections below on passivization and cleft, a fuller picture of these transformations is provided. (61) a. *[John draw a circle] was seen last night. b. *It was [John draw a circle] that we saw. The logical subject of NI-PVCs and ing-PVCs is marked with the accusative case, i.e. super cially it appears to be the direct object of the embedding PV. The main argument against the hypothesis that the accusatively marked logical subject of the PVC is the direct object of the PV and for the clausal nature of NI-PVCs and ing-PVCs is the observation that the alleged subject of the complement can be the expletive it: (62) We saw it rain. Gee (1977), 468 (63) Rover heard it thundering. Kirsner & Thompson (1976), 210 Expletive it is also grammatical with to-PVCs and with that-PVCs: (64) We felt it to be essential that all take part. Bolinger (1974), 66 (65) We felt that it was essential. With nominalizations taking a genitive subject, expressions with expletive it are ungrammatical: (66) a. *John saw its raining. b. *John remembered its raining. The evidence that the expletive it can be the subject of most PVCs supports a clausal analysis for NI-PVCs, ing-PVCs, to-PVCs and that- PVCs and a nominal analysis for PNOMs and INOMs. Jespersen
3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION 71 (1937) already claimed that NI-PVCs are subject-predicate con gurations forming a single unit, hence under a biclausal analysis PVs are assumed to take the NI complement encoding the perceived event as their object complement in the form of a single clausal constituent S: (67) John [VP saw [S Mary depart]] Following Stowell (1981), NI-PVCs are analyzed as belonging to a class of constructions generally referred to as secondary predicates or small clauses. A small clause (SC) can take the form of either an adjective phrase (AdjP) as in (68-a), a prepositional phrase (PP) as in (68-b), or a verb phrase (VP) as in (68-c). (68) a. Mary [VP considers [SC him intelligent]]. b. Mary [VP believes [SC him in the computer lab]]. c. Mary [VP made [SC him depart]]. The examples in (69) show the same SC types, i.e. adjectival, prepositional and verbal, with perception verbs. The main di erence between (69-a) and (69-b) on the one hand and (69-c) on the other is that as opposed to the latter the former are not complement structures but what Winkler (1994) refers to as depictive adjunction sentences. (69) a. Mary [VP saw [SC him alive]]. b. Mary [VP saw [SC him in the computer lab]]. c. Mary [VP saw [SC him depart]]. Recall that in section 1.1 I excluded non-VP small clauses, i.e. AdjPand PP-small clauses, from the investigation. Stowell's work (Stowell, 1981) has been the center of much debate and a number of modications of the original proposal have been suggested since then. Since a discussion is beyond the scope of this thesis, the reader is referred to Winkler (1994) and references therein. 12 Higginbotham (1983) takes up the hypothesis that NI-PVCs are clausal constituents regarding surface syntax. However, regarding their semantic behavior, he claims that NI-PVCs are like NPs, more speci - cally that they act like inde nite descriptions of individual events. The only di erence between the NI-PVC in (70-a) and the NP in (70-b) is that in the former the description is inde nite and in the latter de nite. (70) a. John saw Mary depart. 12 Discussions concentrating on the constituency of PVCs are provided in Akmajian (1977); Gee (1977); Declerck (1981, 1982a); Bennis & Hoekstra (1989); Monnich (1992b) and Felser (1995) among others.
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
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1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
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2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
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2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
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2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
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3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
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4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
Page 29 and 30: 5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
Page 33 and 34: 1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
Page 35 and 36: 2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
Page 37 and 38: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
Page 39 and 40: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
Page 41 and 42: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
Page 43 and 44: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
Page 45 and 46: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
Page 47 and 48: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
Page 49 and 50: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
Page 53 and 54: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
Page 57 and 58: 5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
Page 61 and 62: 1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
Page 63 and 64: 1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary whi
Page 65 and 66: 1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
Page 67 and 68: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
Page 69 and 70: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
Page 71 and 72: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
Page 73 and 74: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
Page 75 and 76: 3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
Page 79: 3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
Page 89 and 90: 4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
Page 99 and 100: 5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
Page 103 and 104: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
Page 105 and 106: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
Page 107 and 108: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
Page 109 and 110: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
Page 111 and 112: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
Page 113 and 114: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
Page 115 and 116: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
Page 117 and 118: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
Page 119 and 120: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
Page 121 and 122: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
Page 123 and 124: 2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 121
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
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5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
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5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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