Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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52 3. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS IN ENGLISH take genitive subjects. The ACC-ing and POSS-ing complements have accusative objects whereas the ing-of has an indirect object marked by the preposition of. ACC-ing clauses that function as PVCs are called ing-PVCs henceforth. In his classi cation of nominalizations into perfect and imperfect nominals, Vendler's perfect nominals are ingof clauses and his imperfect nominals subsume POSS-ing clauses and tensed complement clauses with the complementizer that (Vendler, 1967). In the following, I refer to POSS-ing constructions alone as imperfect nominals (INOMs). Ing-of clauses with matrix PVs I call perfect nominals (PNOMs), thereby deviating from Vendler's de nition of the terms perfect and imperfect nominals in restricting speci cally imperfect nominals to POSS-ing clauses. In example (14), an INOM is shown to be grammatical with the matrix verb remember but ungrammatical with a PV like hear. Example (15) provides an example of a PNOM as a PVC and example (16) shows an ing-PVC. Even though INOMs are not PVCs, they are included in the investigation for contrastive purposes. (14) a. I remember [John's singing the song]. b. *I heard [John's singing the song]. (15) I heard [John's singing of the song]. (16) John felt [Mary trembling beneath her coat]. Caplan (1973) Regarding ACC-ing clauses, the situation is more complicated, because ACC-ing constructions are structurally ambiguous. Declerck (1982b) distinguishes three kinds of ACC-ing constructions that occur after matrix PVs: 1. NP + pseudo-modi er/ reduced relative clause 2. NP + participial adjunct clause 3. Ing-PVC Example (17-a) shows a sentence with a pseudo-modi er, also called reduced relative clause, example (18-a) an adjunct clause, 2 and (19) an ing-PVC with a true perception interpretation: (17) a. Isaw the ladder [leaning against the side of the house]. Kirsner & Thompson (1976), 220 b. Isaw the ladder, which was leaning against the side of the house. (18) a. Isaw Mary [entering the house]. 2 Cases in which the adjunct clause is interpreted as modifying the PV subject are not considered here, e.g. I, instead of the PV object Mary in example (18-a).
1. INTRODUCTION 53 b. Isaw Mary while she was entering. Higginbotham (1994a), 33 (19) Rover heard [it thundering]. (does not entail Rover heard `it'.) Kirsner & Thompson (1976), 210 Many ACC-ing constructions are ambiguous between two or all three of the above subtypes. For example, the gerund in (20) can either mean the moon which was rising over the mountain if interpreted as a reduced relative clause, or the moon as it was rising over the mountain (adjunct clause), or the perceptual reading (i.e. as ing-PVC) the event of the moon's rising over the mountain. (20) Isaw the moon rising over the mountain. Declerck (1982b), 2 Similarly, a sentence with an ACC-ing construction like (21-a) can either be the progressive counterpart of the NI-PVC in (21-b) or receive the adjunct reading in (21-c). (21) a. Isaw him crossing the street. b. Isaw him cross the street. c. Isaw him while (or when) he was crossing the street. Vendler (1968), 58 While pseudo-modi ers and adjuncts cannot alternate or be conjoined with NI-PVCs, ing-PVCs are the progressive counterparts of NI-PVCs and therefore can alternate or be conjoined with them: (22) We heard the farmer slaughter/ slaughtering the pig. Kirsner & Thompson (1976), 210 O hand, ing-PVCs resemble ACC-ing complements embedded by matrix verbs like e.g. remember, regret, or enjoy. However, ing- PVCs di er in a number of ways from ACC-ing complements: Whereas ACC-ing complements allow PRO-subjects and passivization of the whole complement which in turn ing-PVCs do not, ing-PVCs permit anaphoric subjects and adjunct extractions, and can alternate freely with NI-PVCs (for an overview refer to Felser (1995), 102 .). Table 2 shows the di erent PVCtypes that are considered in this chapter together with the non-PVC type referred to as INOM. The PVC types are referred to as that-PVCs, to-PVCs, PNOMs, ing-PVCs and NI-PVCs. Their structural variety is illustrated in the Table. Preverbal NPs denote the logical subject of the complement. For the ve
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Perception verb complements in Akat
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter
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CONTENTS vii 2.1. Passive perceptio
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Acknowledgments This is the place t
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Across langu
Page 13 and 14: 1. WHAT WE SEE AND WHAT WESAY WE SE
Page 19 and 20: 2. TYPOLOGY 9 a xes which incorpora
Page 21 and 22: 2. TYPOLOGY 11 languages hence serv
Page 23 and 24: 2. TYPOLOGY 13 predictions regardin
Page 25 and 26: 3. DATA 15 to be applicable cross-l
Page 27 and 28: 4. METHODOLOGY 17 (1985). The notio
Page 29 and 30: 5. GOALS AND OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS TO
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Perception verbs and thei
Page 33 and 34: 1. THE LEXICAL FIELD 23 the perceiv
Page 35 and 36: 2. THE HIERARCHY 25 the complementi
Page 37 and 38: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 27 In
Page 39 and 40: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 29 (H
Page 41 and 42: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 31 b.
Page 43 and 44: 3. TYPES OF MEANING EXTENSION 33 Sw
Page 45 and 46: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 35 h
Page 47 and 48: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 37 t
Page 49 and 50: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 39 T
Page 53 and 54: 4. PERCEPTION VERB COMPLEMENTS 43 A
Page 57 and 58: 5. CONCLUSION 47 assumption that PV
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 Perception verb complemen
Page 61: 1. INTRODUCTION 51 terminology in A
Page 65 and 66: 1. INTRODUCTION 55 world in the sen
Page 67 and 68: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 57 Taking up t
Page 69 and 70: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 59 b. John's s
Page 71 and 72: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 61 NI compleme
Page 73 and 74: 2. MATRIX PREDICATES 63 with, i.e.
Page 75 and 76: 3. CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURAL CHAR
Page 89 and 90: 4. CRITERIA FOR THE SEMANTIC CHARAC
Page 99 and 100: 5. CONCLUSION 89 two in nitive (INF
Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 4 Akatek, a `typical' Mayan
Page 103 and 104: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 93 gl
Page 105 and 106: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 95 Th
Page 107 and 108: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 97 Ta
Page 109 and 110: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 99 ob
Page 111 and 112: 1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 101 b
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 103 T
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 105 i
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 107 P
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 109 (
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1. BASIC GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 111 c
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2. TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 113
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3. CONCLUSION 131 Regarding the par
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3. CONCLUSION 133 description of Ak
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CHAPTER 5 Perception verb complemen
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1. INTRODUCTION 137 Type3 complemen
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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2. LEXICALIZATION OF PERCEPTION VER
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 143 following two
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 145 (21) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 147 (25) a. *x-;-w
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 149 (32) [;-q'anab
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 151 The meaning di
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 153 (46), k'alta',
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 155 (53) a. x-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 157 Table 5. Passi
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 159 of (65), `Mica
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 161 (73) a. x-ach-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 163 (77) ta chi-on
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 165 c. x-;-y-il ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 167 in such a cons
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 169 tive and intra
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 171 Example (97) s
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 173 (104) * ja'-;
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 175 the preverbal
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 177 (115) chi-;-y-
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 179 third person a
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 181 3.3.2. Type of
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 183 (130) a. x-;-y
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 185 (137) x-;-y-il
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 187 3.4.1. katu' `
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 189 (147) a. ;-xew
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 191 3.4.3. Nonverb
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 193 3.4.5. Verbs o
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 195 (if realized).
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 197 b. ;-s-chej ix
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3. PVCS OF TYPE2 199 omitted, the t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 201 - PNOMs accept
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 203 not at all. An
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 205 (193-b) (no as
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 207 complements, s
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 209 already shown
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 211 b. x-;-w-il [t
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 217 c. watx'-; tzu
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4. PVCS OF TYPE1 219 Table 14. Sema
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5. CONCLUSION 221 by the matrix pre
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5. CONCLUSION 223 on passive constr
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CHAPTER 6 Typology of perception ve
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1. PVC TYPES 227 subjunctive comple
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 229 2.2
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 231 (13
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 233 Nom
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2. EVENT DENOTING PVC TYPES 235 Ger
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3. PROPOSITION DENOTING PVC TYPES 2
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 243 esp
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4. TYPOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS 245 Que
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CHAPTER 7 Conclusion In this thesis
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3. INTERPRETATION OF PVC TYPES 249
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4. TYPOLOGY OF PVC SYSTEMS 251 deno
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5. NON-PV MATRIX PREDICATES 253 The
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ABBREVIATIONS 255 Abbreviations ; z
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ABBREVIATIONS 257 PART participle P
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Bibliography 259 Bibliography Abney
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Bibliography 261 Cristofaro, S. (19
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Bibliography 263 category.' In: M.
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Bibliography 265 Li, C.N. & S.A. Th
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Bibliography 267 1: 82{86, Reprinte
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Perception verb complements in Akatek, a Mayan language

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