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Dermatologic Differential Diagnosis.pdf. - Famona Site

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Plaquenil<br />

Quinacrine<br />

Quinidine – blue–black Rook p.3105, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Tetracycline teeth Rook p.3119, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

EXOGENOUS AGENTS<br />

Amalgam tattoos – silver, tin, mercury, copper, and zinc<br />

AD 110:727–728, 1974<br />

Arsenic<br />

Betel nut – betel nut chewing – gingival, oral mucosal and<br />

dental hyperpigmentation – red to black JAAD 37:81–88, 1998<br />

Bismuth<br />

Blackberries<br />

Blue grapes<br />

Brass<br />

Cadmium<br />

Carbon tattoo<br />

Chloracne – halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons –<br />

chloronaphthalenes, chlorobiphenyls, chlorobiphenyl oxides<br />

used as dielectrics in conductors and insulators, chlorophenols<br />

in insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and wood preservatives<br />

Am J Ind Med 5:119–125, 1989<br />

Chrome<br />

Copper<br />

Coloring agents<br />

Contact mucositis<br />

Dyes<br />

Eritrean soot tattooing AD 124:1018–1019, 1988<br />

Gold<br />

Ink<br />

Juglans regia – chewing bark of plant Juglans regia<br />

Lead Rook p.3105, 1998, Sixth Edition; Oral Surg 52:143–149,<br />

1981<br />

Manganese<br />

Mercury Rook p.3105, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Phenophthalein<br />

Silver – gingival hyperpigmentation JAAD 30:350–354, 1994<br />

Smoking (smoker’s melanosis) J Natl Med Assoc 83:434–438,<br />

1991; J Oral Pathol Med 20:8–12, 1991; AD 113:1533–1538,<br />

1977<br />

Tattoos – intentional gingival tattoo J Oral Med 41:130–133,<br />

1986; graphite tattoo Oral Surg 62:73–76, 1986<br />

Tin<br />

Tobacco chewing<br />

INFECTIONS<br />

Golden tongue syndrome – Ramichloridium schulzeri<br />

HIV infection – Ann DV 124:460–462, 1997; Oral Surg Oral Med<br />

Oral Pathol 70:748–755, 1990<br />

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS<br />

Periodontitis – melanotic blue macules with periodontitis<br />

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation<br />

Sarcoid<br />

METABOLIC DISEASES<br />

Acromegaly<br />

Addison’s disease – spots or patches Cutis 76:97–99, 2005;<br />

Cutis 66:72–74, 2000; Rook p.2706, 1998, Sixth Edition;<br />

gingival hyperpigmentation Rook p.3055, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Cushing’s syndrome<br />

Graves’ disease – Addisonian hyperpigmentation; gingiva,<br />

buccal mucosa JAAD 48:641–659, 2003<br />

Hemochromatosis – Addisonian hyperpigmentation of oral<br />

mucosa AD 113:161–165, 1977<br />

Nelson’s syndrome J Oral Med 1:13–17, 1982<br />

Niemann–Pick disease – black macules Rook p.3121, 1998,<br />

Sixth Edition<br />

Ochronosis – hyperpigmentation of buccal mucosa, nails<br />

Rook p.2649, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Porphyria Ghatan p.90, 2002, Second Edition<br />

Thalassemia beta Ghatan p.90, 2002, Second Edition<br />

NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS<br />

Blue nevus Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49:55–62, 1980<br />

Ephelis Rook p.3105, 1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Kaposi’s sarcoma – gingival hyperpigmentation Rook p.3055,<br />

1998, Sixth Edition<br />

Lentigo maligna – hyperpigmented lips and oral mucosa<br />

AD 138:1216–1220, 2002<br />

Melanoacanthoma in blacks Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol<br />

Oral Radiol Endod 84:492–494, 1997<br />

Melanocytic nevus Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 49:55–62,<br />

1980; Cancer 25:812–823, 1970<br />

Melanoma Oral Oncol 36:152–169, 2000; Oral Surg Oral Med<br />

Oral Pathol 36:701–706, 1973; Cancer 25:812–823, 1970<br />

Melanotic macule (ephelis, lentigo) – vermilion of lips, gingiva,<br />

buccal mucosa, palate Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol<br />

48:244–249, 1979<br />

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (pigmented<br />

neuroectodermal tumor of infancy) Rook p.3106, 1998,<br />

Sixth Edition<br />

Nevus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris)<br />

Rook p.1731, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 67:317–319, 1955<br />

PARANEOPLASTIC DISEASES<br />

Acanthosis nigricans, malignant JAAD 42:357–362, 2000<br />

Ectopic ACTH (bronchogenic carcinoma) – soft palate<br />

hyperpigmentation Oral Surg 41:726–733, 1976<br />

Peutz–Jeghers-like mucocutaneous pigmentation – associated<br />

with breast and gynecologic carcinomas in women Medicine<br />

(Baltimore) 79:293–298, 2000<br />

PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS<br />

Melasma<br />

PRIMARY CUTANEOUS DISEASES<br />

Acanthosis nigricans<br />

Black hairy tongue<br />

Focal melanosis<br />

ORAL MUCOSAL HYPERPIGMENTATION 425

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