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259 Spatial Relations and Rules logical fashion. But rules draw distinctions as they apply, so ambiguities are always possible. Mistakes are easy to make even with tried and true devices, and may be worth keeping. Parts interact freely—doing something to distinguish one may unintentionally distinguish another with useful results. It depends on what rules there are, and on when and where they’re applied. Suppose I want to erase the horizontal line in the shape in its entirety from end to end—maybe not right now, but sometime later. I can place a point so and try the rule This gives me exactly as it should. But the rule also applies to each of the oblique lines to produce the shapes The point isn’t attached to a definite part. This relationship is determined over and over again, depending on my rules and how they’re used. I have to think about the horizontal line and how it relates to the other two lines to place the point ‘‘correctly’’
260 II Seeing How It Works Now, no segment of an oblique line is long enough for the rule to apply. Only the ambiguity needn’t end here if I go on calculating. I may have to look farther out than I can see. Until I erase the horizontal line, the point can interact with any line that’s defined—if there’s a rule for it. Still, my answer may not matter. What if I also have the rule that adds to lines. Dividing shapes into independent pieces to define rules rarely succeeds, unless I appeal to labels or comparable devices—for example, compound shapes in algebras formed in direct products—to keep things separate in an artificial way. But then what I see may not be what’s there. Calculating with shapes is different when surprises are unavoidable. There’s a lot to see as I use rules to calculate with shapes. Everything works with everything else. But I’ve been showing only easy examples, special cases, and clever tricks. What can I say about rules generally to help me understand what they do? It’s all in the two formulas for applying rules—either in the transformation t or in the part relation a. Classifying Rules with Transformations Rules can be classified in a variety of important ways. First, it’s possible to decide whether they apply determinately or indeterminately—that is to say, whether or not there are a limited number of transformations t that satisfy the formula tðAÞ a C for the rule A fi B and the shape C. The conditions for determinate rules vary somewhat from algebra to algebra, but can be framed in terms of a recursive taxonomy of registration marks defined with basic elements. It’s usually a surprise that these marks aren’t always the basic elements themselves or their boundary elements. Paradigmatically, lines in shapes intersect at points
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( 2006 Massachusetts Institute of T
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Contents Acknowledgments ix INTRODU
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INTRODUCTION: TELL ME ALL ABOUT IT
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3 Answer Number One—What Do You S
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9 Answer Number Two—Three More Wa
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11 Answer Number Two—Three More W
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33 Trying to Be Clear Points aren
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35 Trying to Be Clear and twenty-fo
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37 Trying to Be Clear things look.
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39 Trying to Be Clear on correspond
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41 Tables, Teacher’s Desks, and R
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43 Tables, Teacher’s Desks, and R
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45 It Always Pays to Look Again In
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47 Background always more when you
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49 Background Getting it first and
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51 Background and not These are the
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53 Background and count as I please
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55 Background and time. The way Eul
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57 Background them apart—a triang
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59 Background without ‘‘agreeme
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62 I What Makes It Visual? (2) What
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64 I What Makes It Visual? Whenever
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66 I What Makes It Visual? calculat
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68 I What Makes It Visual? And my r
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70 I What Makes It Visual? more tha
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72 I What Makes It Visual? Table 1
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74 I What Makes It Visual? but neve
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76 I What Makes It Visual? may be f
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78 I What Makes It Visual? formula
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80 I What Makes It Visual? But what
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82 I What Makes It Visual? they pro
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84 I What Makes It Visual? The one
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86 I What Makes It Visual? I see a
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88 I What Makes It Visual? But this
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90 I What Makes It Visual? contains
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92 I What Makes It Visual? and othe
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94 I What Makes It Visual? The lett
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96 I What Makes It Visual? and corr
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98 I What Makes It Visual? (Is hh i
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100 I What Makes It Visual? and the
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102 I What Makes It Visual? There
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104 I What Makes It Visual? to the
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106 I What Makes It Visual? Table 2
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108 I What Makes It Visual? is trie
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110 I What Makes It Visual? artifac
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112 I What Makes It Visual? and thi
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116 I What Makes It Visual? looks l
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120 I What Makes It Visual? when th
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122 I What Makes It Visual? until t
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124 I What Makes It Visual? The fir
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126 I What Makes It Visual? What Sc
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128 I What Makes It Visual? Here, g
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130 I What Makes It Visual? be desc
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132 I What Makes It Visual? An addi
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134 I What Makes It Visual? forget
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136 I What Makes It Visual? that bl
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138 I What Makes It Visual? Why is
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140 I What Makes It Visual? see wha
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142 I What Makes It Visual? to calc
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144 I What Makes It Visual? How cav
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146 I What Makes It Visual? togethe
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148 I What Makes It Visual? and six
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150 I What Makes It Visual? and its
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152 I What Makes It Visual? these h
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154 I What Makes It Visual? So how
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156 I What Makes It Visual? (TRI(XY
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158 I What Makes It Visual? The fir
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160 II Seeing How It Works was thre
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162 II Seeing How It Works and lowe
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164 II Seeing How It Works Back to
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166 II Seeing How It Works Divide e
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168 II Seeing How It Works There ar
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170 II Seeing How It Works while th
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172 II Seeing How It Works there ar
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174 II Seeing How It Works This has
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176 II Seeing How It Works And noti
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178 II Seeing How It Works looks ex
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180 II Seeing How It Works meaning.
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182 II Seeing How It Works and the
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184 II Seeing How It Works Embeddin
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186 II Seeing How It Works both of
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188 II Seeing How It Works but in a
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190 II Seeing How It Works It’s e
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192 II Seeing How It Works of one i
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194 II Seeing How It Works how it w
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196 II Seeing How It Works Table 7
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198 II Seeing How It Works of these
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200 II Seeing How It Works maximal
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202 II Seeing How It Works They’r
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204 II Seeing How It Works So, bðA
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206 II Seeing How It Works made up
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310 II Seeing How It Works Kinemati
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312 III Using It to Design (3) desi
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314 III Using It to Design does mor
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316 III Using It to Design that I d
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318 III Using It to Design don’t
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320 III Using It to Design fix the
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322 III Using It to Design Figure 1
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324 III Using It to Design —divid
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326 III Using It to Design Perhaps
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328 III Using It to Design I seem t
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332 III Using It to Design Then the
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334 III Using It to Design and ‘
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338 III Using It to Design But this
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340 III Using It to Design but occa
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342 III Using It to Design numbers
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344 III Using It to Design to start
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346 III Using It to Design The rule
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348 III Using It to Design Everythi
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352 III Using It to Design Let’s
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354 III Using It to Design ever hav
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356 III Using It to Design (2) Furt
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358 III Using It to Design that wor
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360 III Using It to Design with the
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362 III Using It to Design are equi
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364 III Using It to Design and in f
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366 III Using It to Design to the p
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368 III Using It to Design rules th
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370 III Using It to Design x fi bð
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372 III Using It to Design These we
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374 III Using It to Design easy to
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376 III Using It to Design and spir
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378 III Using It to Design I said I
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380 III Using It to Design include
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382 III Using It to Design x fi x i
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384 III Using It to Design It’s g
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386 III Using It to Design take car
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388 III Using It to Design wealth o
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Notes Introduction 1. S. Pinker, Th
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393 Notes to pp. 48-50 Langer’s d
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395 Notes to pp. 51-55 19. H. L. Dr
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397 Notes to p. 156 9. C. Alexander
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399 Notes to p. 304 of lowest-level
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401 Notes to p. 305 24. The ‘‘n
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403 Notes to pp. 306-387 35. G. Sti
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405 Notes to pp. 388-389 M. A. Bode
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407 Notes to p. 389 The essence in
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410 Index Aristotle, 81, 167, 337 A
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412 Index creativity and (cont.) re
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414 Index greatest lower bound, 224
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416 Index maximal elements and basi
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418 Index Quine, W. V., 57, 58, 210
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420 Index shape grammars (cont.) an
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422 Index Van Gogh, V., 403n1 Vanto
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