Shape

398 Notes to pp. 156–304
20. M. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962),
xix.
21. R. W. Emerson, ‘‘Self-Reliance,’’ in The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. B. Atkinson
(New York: Modern Library, 2000), 138.
22. J. Barzun, A Stroll with William James (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), 54.
23. N. Goodman, Languages of Art (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1976 [1985]), 142–143.
24. J. Dewey, How We Think, vol. 6 of John Dewey: The Middle Works, 1899–1924 (Carbondale:
Southern Illinois University Press, 1978), 267.
25. Barzun, 282–283.
26. Barzun, 282.
27. L. Wittgenstein, Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1967), 189e.
28. W. F. Hanks, foreword to Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation, by J. Lave and
E. Wenger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 17. In the same vein, there’s mindful
learning in the introduction, page 56, and note 20 in part III.
29. H. Putnam, The Many Faces of Realism (LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court, 1987), 19, 20, 29–30.
30. R. Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 78.
Part II
1. G. Stiny and J. Gips, ‘‘Shape Grammars and the Generative Specification of Painting and Sculpture,’’
in Information Processing ’71, ed. C. V. Frieman (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1972), 1460–
1465.
2. G. Stiny, Pictorial and Formal Aspects of Shape and Shape Grammars (Basel: Birkhauser, 1975).
3. P. Klee, Pedagogical Sketchbook, trans. S. Moholy-Nagy (New York: F. A. Praeger, 1953), 16–17.
4. G. Stiny, ‘‘Two Exercises in Formal Composition,’’ Environment and Planning B 3 (1976): 187–
210.
5. G. Stiny, ‘‘Ice Ray: A Note on the Generation of Chinese Lattice Designs,’’ Environment and
Planning B 4 (1977): 89–98. Schemas as I frame them now with twin variables and predicates
were first in G. Stiny, ‘‘How to Calculate with Shapes,’’ in Formal Engineering Design Synthesis, ed.
E. K. Antonsson and J. Cagan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 48–50.
6. J. Tchérnikhov, Construction des formes d’architecture et de machines (Leningrad: Société des
Architectes, 1931), 46, 47.
7. G. Stiny, ‘‘Kindergarten Grammars: Designing with Froebel’s Building Gifts,’’ Environment and
Planning B 7 (1980): 409–462.
8. T. W. Knight, Transformations in Design (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
9. T. W. Knight, ‘‘Shape Grammars,’’ Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 25th Anniversary
Issue (1998): 86–91. The poverty of syntax in music, that is to say, segmentation in terms