The Journal of the Siam Society Vol. LXIV, Part 1-2, 1976 - Khamkoo

74 M-Auog-Thwin
the assumption of one word (Ukkama to mean Pagan) bad created all
these wide ramifications so important to the history of Pagan. The
absence of linguistic, historical, or. even legendary evidence to support
the interpretation that Ukkama was Pagan; the physical-geographical
improbability of a lightning raid on Pagan during the height of the monsoons
as well as during the reign of a powerful king; the highly dramatized
narrative of events in the later Cli[avamsa, even if true, arguing against
such a raid up river; the confusion of the chronicles over the names,
places, and actions with regard to the raid; the absence of any facts in
the contemporary Sinhalese inscription that might point to Pagan, the
king of Pagan, and the destruction of either of these; and lastly, numerous
Old Burmese inscriptions that testified to the presence of a king or kings
during the period 1165-1174 A.D, all demand re-evaluation of the chronology
and consequent implications to the political and cultural history
of Pagan.
..,.