ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

4 I~~~Z
Box46 W canbenefitftbm ibut success lies in the details
:- The : beneficial impacts of infrastructure :on women can various countries, including Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho,
be- profound, ofen extendin beyond the commonly Madagascai anl Tanzania, reveals that many poor
cited Impacts,of water and'sanitation infrastructure on women welcome such employment opportunities'and
*household health orwomens'time allocation. But ensur- are able to perform the same tasks as men for similar
*ing suchoutcomes requires for2sightand attention to de- wages. To expand women's .participation in these proj-
.- tail during prject planning;-
ects, eligibility conditions must be extended,-and job op-
::-* Women;,' as principal producers and marketers of portunities must be'advertised more widely. In addition
food in many African countries, benefit from the'im- therel should be scope for advancement by women to suprovedaccess
to markets-thatnrual.roadslbrng.-Yet im- pervisory positions. Where.maintenance is contracted
less they can afford-to tbansport thir produce by tuck,: out, womenrs gups should be encouraged to bid for
goods:must be carriea'to markets by-the farners contracts. .
ithemselves. This sharply dimini-shesb&efltsfrom-rmad;. Pngtheimpactofinfrastructure on women can
i- infstructure- IntermediateS (nonmotoried) -means of ' be difficult and requires a 'close understanding of the detiansport,
suchis bicycles and carts, canbe attractiveal- - tails of-their activities, opportiunties, and constrats. In
: :.temnativestoheadportiPgeoutinolvjecighiiivest-- centraln Gambia, agriculture traditionally involved both
- meat cists ~InGhaiia a pilot cDmponent adinsere by -':womern and mem within a system of coe nixmu-
.. . .NGOs in the Second Tlar Rehabiitation nal aind idualtclivation. Men werf responsible.for
channels part: of the waage eaninmgs from labar- ' organizing the communal subsistence cultivation of upintens.radworks
to finance. :ipurchase programs land cereals, with-both men and women contibutiHng
--- nteorinediate means of transport ar . e.
labor, while women alone were responsible fcr culivat-
* .-- ' - ''' . n:manymuntries,destitute wainenare eager o par- ' 'irng and miarke*ing rice from indiyidual plots A rice irri-
-. ticipate'inroad worksprogramsthatofferinopportu- - gation project was introduced, distrlbuting J1500
nities to ea cash..In one.of.Bangladesh s main road hecars of irrigated land to farming households. An ex-
.. intenance.programs, women comprise thebulk of the. - plicit intention of the pmject was to improve the ecoworkfolc,
but in Kenya's Rural Access Roads Program, nonhic 2atus of the female cultiv s by raising their inone
of the oldest and most sucaesful of such progams comes from higher nce yieds. Howeve, male farmers
in 'Africa, less-than 201 percent of the workfoxre are . beameinterested-intricecultivationforcommercialpur-
- -' :- * women. Smailarlylow-participation rates for woment poses and laid laini to the irrigated land for their con-
-havebeenobservedmotherAfricancount Alhough muriaUy farmed plots. While women did benefit ftom
i: it is sometimbes argued thatlption by African the project through the higher incomes accruing at the
women is due to their. already oppressiveburden of do- household , their position as producers and marmestieduties
and subsistence agriculture, evidence frm kebes of rice was undemiined : -
COORDINATION OF PANNNG. Coordination of - prices that reflect costs provide valiuable informaplans
for competing or complementary sectors is tion for decisionmaking on secLoral allocations.
- - also important Where program and project financ- When the local highway agency decided to expand
ing involves many donor agencies, coordination trucking cargo capacity to the port of Santos in
; :preserves overal coherence of activities- In Africa Brazil, shippers pointed out that rail transport was
efforts to improve donor coordination in transport cheaper, and the railway and the railhead river port
have been embodied in recent initiatives (Box 4.7). capacity were expanded instead. In China, the
With transport, intermodal coordination is often Henan Power Company, after evaluating the costs
required-. The stress- on speed and reiability i-n of expanding power generation capacity in the Yanmodern-day
fteight transport is makng it increas- shi Thermal Power Project, changed its -intial pro-
- ingly vital for shippers to be able to offer door-to- posal from locating the coal-fired power station
door service, commonly involving many modes. It near load centers and supplying it with coal by rail
is necessaxy to establish a legal framework that al- to siting the station near coal mines and transmitlows
freight forwarders to accept liability for the ting electricty to the load centers.
entire transport chair. In addition, customs procedures
in many developing country ports must be NPRoJEr APPRAISAL Techniques for project ap
simplified to avoid delays that can significantly praisal are well established and documented, but in
raise transport costs and undermine the interna- practice they are not widely applied. Although for-
- tional competitiveness of local producers. mal cost-benefit analysis of projects imposes non-
Although goverrnents are often tempted to in- nelighible analytical and data demands, these tech-
'tervene in pnce setting across modes or sectors, - niques bring rational, objective, and, to the extent
85.