ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

t-iough substantial in; some developing countries, is other industries (Major Group 390). When data for
not taken into acccunt because reliable and compree- textiles,.madtinery, or chemicals are shown as not
hensive data are not available.
available, they are also included in oilier.
Energy use is expressed as kilogram oil equiva- Summary measures given for value-added in
lent per capita. The outpnit indicator is the US. dol- manufacturing are totals calculated by the aggega-
-lar estimate of GDP produced per kilogram of oil tion method- noted at the beginning of the technical
equivalent.
notes.
Energy imports refer to the dollar value of energy
imports-Section 3 in the SITC, Revision 1-and Table 7. Manufacturing earnings and output
are expressed as a percentage of earnings from mer- '
chandise exports. Because data on energy imports Four indicators are shown: two relate to real earndo
not permit a distinction between petroleum im- ings per employee, one to labor's share in -total
ports for fuel and those for use in the petrochemi- value added generated, and one to labor productivcals
industry, these percentages may overestimate ity. in the manufacturing sector. The indicators are
dependence on imported energy.
based on data from UNIDO; the deflators are from
The summary measures of energy production other sources, as explained below.
and consumption are computed by'aggregating the Earnings per employee are in constant prices and
respective volumes for each of the years covered by are derived by deflating nominal eamings per emthe
periods and applying the least-squares growth ployee by the country's consumer price index (CPI).
rate procedure. For energy consumption per capita, The CPI is from the :IMFs Iiternational Financial
population-weights are.used to compute summary Statistics.
measures for the specified years.
Total eaniings as a percentage of value added are de-
The sunmary measures of energy imports as a rived by dividing total earnings of employees by
percen-tage of merchandise exports are computed value added in current prices to show labor's share
from group aggregates for energy imports and mer- in income generated in the manufacturing sector.
dhandise exports in current dollars.
Gross outputt per employee is in constant prices and is
presented as an index of overall labor productivity
Table 6. Structure of manufacturing
in manufacturing, with 1980 as the base year. To derive
this indicator, UNIDO data on gross output per
The basic data for value added in manufacturing are employee in current prices are adjusted using imfrom
the World Bank's national accounts series at plicit deflators for value added in' manufacturing or
current prices in national currencies. Value added in in industry, taken from the World Bank's national
current prices in national currencies is converted to accounts data files.
U.S. dollars by applying the single-year conversion To improve cross-country comparability, UNIDO
procedure, as described in the technical note for Ta- has, where possible, standardized the coverage
bles 2 and 3.
of establishments to those with five or more
The data for distributiont of manufacturing value employees.
dded among industries are provided by the United The concepts and definitions are in accordance
Nations Industrial Development Organization with the International Recomenwdations for Iiiditstrial
(UNIDO), and distribution calculations are from na- Statistics, published by the United Nations. Earntional
currencies in current prices.
ings (wages and salaries) cover all remuneration to
The classification of manufacturing industries is employees paid by the employer during the year.
in accordance with the UN. International Standard The payments include (a) all regular and overtime
Industrial Classification of All Economic Activitis cash payments and bonuses and cost of living al-
(ISIC), Revision Z Food, beverages, and tobacco com- lowances; (b) wages and salaries paid during vacaprise
ISIC Division 31; texties and clothing, Division tion and- sick leave; (c) taxes and social insurance
32Z mackinery and transport equipment, Major Grou contributions and the like, payable by the employ-
382-84; and chmnicals, Major Groups 351 and 352. ees and deducted by the employer; and (d) pay-
Othier comprises wood and related products (Divi- ments in kind.
sion 33), paper and related products (Division 34), The termn "employees" in this table combines two
petroleum and related products (Major Groups categories defined by the United Nations: regular
353-56), basic metals.and mineral products (Divi- employees and persons engaged. Together these
sions 36 and 37), fabricated metal products and pro- groups. comprise regular employees, worldng professional
goods (Major Groups 381 and 385), and prietors, active bisiness partners, and unpaid fam-
234