ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

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that provoide seioces they value s and an afford. P losses two to four times greater. Port failities in de-
*miature dnestments m capacty-especily i velopig countnes, on average, move aogo fnte
water supply, railways, pcower, ports, and irrnga- ship to shore at only 40 percent the speed of the
tion-have oftern absorbed resources that could oth- most efficient ports. Labor misallocations present
erwise have bee devoted to maintenance, modemn another source of ineffidiencv . Overstafing is far too
ization, or.improvements in service quality. Because -con-unon in many activities, especially railways,
many infrastrucdtre investments are immobile and -while others, such as roid matenance, warrant
s;erve local markets, excess capacity cannot serve greater useof labor-based - methods -
other markets tand it remains underused. In some These faindngs hv tnvestment and operiting efficases,
large public projects have been overambi- loenss are not compensated for by success in adtious,
plaing acsmtly burden on the economy. dressing povuris or engironental concergs-for
Wate spl raiway powet. ports,and ri- shere, too, the iniy4struc0pe record isweak. Badly
sourc- that ofuld be used for delivering infrasttuc- odesigned and managed inf.rastructure is a mapr
ture services. A review of power uncties in fifmy-one source of envirorfnental degradation in both urban
developing o ountries showed that tchnicalu eff- and rural aieas. The poor often consume fewer inciency
has actua declined iy over the past twenty faastructure services and pay ghere pnces tran do
years. Olderpower plants consumenbetween 8 and the nonpoor. For eiample, households obtaining-
44 percent moe fubl otlowatt-hour per
ovean do water fnom vendos pay mucfh more than those
plants in pacwer sydtems operating at best-practice households connected to water systems tn most
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