ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

the ICP Phase IV report, World Comparisonis of Pinr- Inidicators from the users' perspectives would mearinsing
Power anid Real Product for 1980 (New.York: sure the eff-ectiveness of the service ultiTmately deliv-
United Nations, 1986). Readers interested in de- ered. Service quality indicators (such as faults per
killed ICP survey data for 1975, 1980, 1985, and 100 main lines per year) are the moDst difficult data
1990 may refer to Purchasuing Power of Currencies: to obtain -on a comparable and recurrent basis for a
Compar ing Pational. IVnrortes Using ICP. Data (World lare sample of countries. Some indicators represent
Bank 1993).
both system efficiency and service quality, such as
fthe share of paved roads in good condition.
Table 3L Urbanization
Although the data reported here are drawn from
the most authoritative sources available, compara-
Data on urban population and agglomeration in ..bility may be linited by variation in data collection,
large cities are from the U.N.'s World Urbanization statistical methods, ant definitions.
Prspects, supplemented by data from the World Electric powver. Coverage is measured by the per-
Bankc The growth rates of urban population are cal- centage of households with access to electricity sufculated
from the World Bank's population esti- ficient for at least electric lighting. This indicator is
mates; the estimates of urban population shares are from Kurian 1991 and is available only for.1984. Syscalculated
from both sources just cited.
tem losses, which are obtained from the 'Power
Because the estimates in this table are based on Data Sheets" compiled by the Industry and Energy
different national definitions of whatis urban, cross- Department of the World Bank and IEA Energy Sta-.
country comparisons slould be made with caution. tistics, combine technical and nontechnical losses.
The summary measures for urban population as Technical losses, due to the physical characteristics
a percentage of total population are calculated from of the power system, consist mainly of resistance
country percentages weighted by each country's losses in transmission and distribution. Nontechnishare
in the aggregate population. The other sum- cal losses consist mainly of illegal connection to
mary measures in this table are weighted in the electricity and other sources of theft System losses
same fashion, using urban population.
are expressed as percentage of total output (net generation)
Table 32. Infrastructure
Telecommunicationts. The measure of coverage is
the number of telephone exchange maimlines per
This table provides selected basic indicators of the thousand persons. A telephone mainline connects
coverage and performance of infrastructure sectors. the subscnber's equipment to the switched net-
Coverage. Indicators of coverage are based. on the in- work and has a dedicated port in the telephone exfr
astructure data most widely available across coun- change. This term is synonymous with "main statries
whidc measure the extent, type, and sometimes tion," also commonly used in telecommunication
condition of physical facilities in each infrastructure documents. Faults per 100 main lines per year refer
sector (examples are provided in the Appendix ta- to the number of reported faults per 100 main telebles).
Such data are divided by national population phone lines for the year indicated. Some operators
totals to derive indicators of coverage or availability indude malfunctioning customer premises equip-
(as in teLephone main lines per thousand persons or ment as faults, while others include only technical
road kilomneters per million persons). More direct faults. Data on main lines and faults per. 100 main
measures of coverage are based on household sur- lines are from the International Telecommunication
veys of actual access, reported as percentage of Union database. -
households with electricity or access to safe water Roads Indicators used to represent coverage in
For roads and railways, physical proximity (such as this sector include spatial road density (a countrys
share of population within 1 kilometer of a paved road length divided by land area) and- per capita
road) would be a good measure of coverage, but it is road density length of the road network per popurarely
available.
lation size). The latter measure (kilometers of paved
Pcrfonwnce. Performance quality should be as- roads per millior population) is used here as an apsessed
from the perspectives of both the infrastruc- proximate indicator of coverage. As the measure of
ture providers and the users Indicators from the performance, paved roads in good condition is deproviders'
perspectave measure operating efficiency fined as roads substantially free of defects and re-
(such as power system losses, unaccounted-for quiring only routine maintenance. Data for paved
water, and locomotive availability), capacty utiliza- roads are from Queiroz and Gautam 1992 and are
tion, or financial efficiency (such as cost recovery), available for 1988 only.
247