ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Sectoral agendas for reform tion. Most elements of these services are highly marketable and can be provided through approaches in- . Although cmuntry characteristics are important, sec- volving competition within a market or competition * to.i characteristics cast the deciding vote among for. the right to serve that market (Table 6.4). The institutional options. The "marketability" of ira- major exceptions have strong scale economies structure activities is detemined by the following (power transmission) or require specfic sites and characteristics: production technology that leads to have significant environmental effects (large-scale natural monopolr the public nature of consump- hydroelectric generation). ' tion constraints on cost recovery, distributional concerns; and the importance of spillover effects. TELECwMMUNIcAoNs The marketability of tele- Table 63rillustrates the diffrences, both within and communication services is high, especially for long between sectors, in the marketability of infrastruc- distance and value-added services such as data rhre activities. Each activity is scored from 1 (least tansmission. Falling transmission and switching marketable) to 3 (most marketable) according to the costs, technological innovations (such as wireless five chrac cs just specified (the darker the services), and changing patterns of demand have shadin& the more marketable the activity). For in- strongly boosted the competitive potential of the'. stance, large networked facilties, such as tasmis- telecommunications industry for most services, Insion .grids,. primary irrigation channels, and duding in many cases local telephony. Private pro- ;: rilbeds,allow very little competition, while activi- vision is appropriate in countries that have the ties such as urban waste collection and urban bus capacity to provide the necessary regulatory frameservice are potentially quite compettive Some m- work Concessions with regulatory constraints emfrastructure goods, such as phone service or tertary bodied in contracts are attractive alternatives in irrigation, are entirely private in consumption while countries where independent regulatory capacity is others, including many woads, are public goods. The unlikely to be effective last column of Table 63 gives an index of mar- Today, the challengeof meetingthe large andrisketability potential (the simple average of the five ing demand can be met by moving toward a sector columns). structure that is plurl and competitive, with a m This exercise suggests that the potential for com- of service providers-prrvate and public-using merialization and competition in infastructure is various technologies and offenng services tailored more widespread than is commonly supposed. to different user needs. New entry is the single most Some activities, such as long distance telecomnunui- powerful tool for encouraging telecommunications cations, urban bus services, or solid waste col[ec- development because monopolies rarely meet all .ton are adaptable to market provision once they demands. Licensing multiple providers is the best are unbundled from related activities Other activi- way to accelerate the inveshtent needed to create a ties, such as urban piped water and power tans- broadly based national network. Additional service mission, are intinsically monopolistic but provide providers also increase user choice, lower costs, and private goods amenable to commerial provision bring capital and management skills into the sector. and cost recovery. Rual roads are intinsically pub- Market liberalization, like privatization, puts preslic infrasucture, being both monopolistic and a sure on existing service providers to be more effipublc good with low potential for cost recovery. cient and more responsive to consumers. The following sections relate the main options to The transition from state-owned monopoly to finrastructure sectois within three major groups- multiple operators requires new attention to regulatelecommunications and energy, water and waste, tion. Preventing the dominant operator from abusand transporL The options suggested are indicative ing its market power (by restricting output and unof what is most relevant not narrowly presciptive derpicing competitive services) requires proper of the only, or single best, approach in each country accounting and disclosure requirements, perfor- 0 ;~.i.n- type. mance targets, and incentive-based pnce controls. Tdelecomunicatims and energy This infrastructure group covers utilities that produce services for which user fees are charged, typically based on direct measures of consumption, and that generalIy use large-scale networks for distribu- n4 Experience shows that new service suppliers wil not be able to interconnect with the incumbent operator on reasonable terms without regulatory aid. Service providers, both public and private, should operate at am's length from the government and be subject to commercial discipline and to oversight by an independent regulator.
= -ableb 6.Te tspbrhivaof jrnte' sctortde iveryvanes:by in astruure components 0 ; 6,>;l;, Att /.' ! r - ;~= 0- ---L molw f- '. ._ ________ ;vd~ rk g Long diAe and value-added : : e airor .a .rt . Trrm . Tent.s_o 2. ._ PrinaTdy and s'om2k _ ' . C. h -ryandsddalrywads=i_ 2il -. . ~ em ' 'pipednet 2. . bJtaR cei tabltyid p.vass gweoflipemdi .| Nunpiped s ystelus - _ E '2BA= - Pi_ ped seeg and tlstllelt + .+; Condominalsewng '__ 1 3 zo ?K = = e!! \ p 4 iS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- V e Z -' ' : ' ' - | ' ' -Caikdtn, ' __ '2ei ' ' .:~~~ .- N (ortnayanxqnc __:4 * '-' , | h&1, -, _.4
Page 1 and 2:
3jQi'[~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ I -:A -
Page 3 and 4:
... ..... Oxford University Prss :O
Page 5 and 6:
-: .- : 7 - A- - .~ g ------ Vry. _
Page 7 and 8:
. 6 Setting priorities and implemen
Page 9 and 10:
3.1. Contractual anrangements for p
Page 11 and 12:
Because of changes in GNP per capit
Page 13 and 14:
- - Infrastruckure's roleand record
Page 15 and 16:
L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C- l' __
Page 17 and 18:
Diagnosing the causes of poor perfo
Page 19 and 20:
private sector have evolved. Port f
Page 21 and 22:
tradability of infrastructure servi
Page 23 and 24:
fits. The way ahead is one of 'cont
Page 25 and 26:
Eior - 1 a iX for. - '1~t'*%~ E 6 -
Page 27 and 28:
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W.:-
Page 29 and 30:
BoxL12 The importance of infrastruc
Page 31 and 32:
and reliability, as well as on quan
Page 33 and 34:
Expansion of transport infrastructu
Page 35 and 36:
Roads are not private goods, althou
Page 37 and 38:
Table 1.3 Expansion of infrastructu
Page 39 and 40:
: ~ ~ 2 A :0::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 0 0
Page 41 and 42:
pie of Latin American water utiltie
Page 43 and 44:
straint to their mobility (Figure 1
Page 45 and 46:
Box 1.7 Infastiucture activities ti
Page 47 and 48:
* Option A: Public ownership and op
Page 49 and 50:
Lessons of success and failure mana
Page 51 and 52:
-~~~~o 22, -Svrac pa eae layoffs tt
Page 53 and 54:
vices. These concerns are particula
Page 55 and 56:
Management conitracting wHEN is Ir
Page 57 and 58:
- :. : : . - I- ~~*r~ 4.~ accounts
Page 59 and 60:
The best way of reducing the gap be
Page 61 and 62:
the high rates of return for mainte
Page 63 and 64:
l:: :: . - : 0~ ,aSn- ::~~~i /W-#H
Page 65 and 66:
egional gas distributors, and an en
Page 67 and 68:
5 : zFigre3C4mnbndbgl atvitie ices
Page 69 and 70:
Helped in part by sectoral unbundli
Page 71 and 72:
;t~~1F D ¢- l- e as is demnonstrat
Page 73 and 74:
short-mn gain and skimp on routine
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.2 Value of infrastructure p
Page 77 and 78:
Box 3.6 Telecom piivatizati6ci the
Page 79 and 80:
Box 3.8 Regulation and privatizatio
Page 81 and 82: private management can become compl
Page 83 and 84: this chapter shows, where regulator
Page 85 and 86: transport ministries in Africa is o
Page 87 and 88: Unlodking local effort through- dec
Page 89 and 90: Box 4.3 Power in Purang and roads i
Page 91 and 92: ->W>
Page 93 and 94: way of achieving distributional obj
Page 95 and 96: are bundled into low-cost loans to
Page 97 and 98: powerful minorities can capture the
Page 99 and 100: to this purpose without sacrificing
Page 101 and 102: found that although households were
Page 103 and 104: 4 I~~~Z Box46 W canbenefitftbm ibut
Page 105 and 106: I Box. 4.9 Icroaigenviironmental. c
Page 107 and 108: . ............ --S - Financigneeded
Page 109 and 110: Box 5.1 Is there a free lunch?-limi
Page 111 and 112: Box 52 Tapping international capita
Page 113 and 114: 1~~~~D Clt ,-,.Re -b cope an tie 0
Page 115 and 116: V Box 5A A successfl-firtt step in
Page 117 and 118: change risk through the passing on
Page 119 and 120: Box 5.8 Look before you leap: limit
Page 121 and 122: poor financial discipline, and subs
Page 123 and 124: 'sv,t-za6oapioceeds (billions of VS
Page 125 and 126: -~ f4' * ; ylkj XtLSidolkits.(1. -~
Page 127 and 128: .*,mmr ''', '- ' f - .,__ -, 6.. -.
Page 129 and 130: Box 6.1 Ingedientr. of good peromne
Page 131: government and e strength of the co
Page 135 and 136: elements of natural monopoly and mu
Page 137 and 138: solid waste disposal through metrop
Page 139 and 140: portant that uinstituitional activi
Page 141 and 142: V-~~~~~~ : ~~~~ :: . = .-s Bibliogr
Page 143 and 144: on. grwh once more sophisticated ec
Page 145 and 146: structure and explain the importanc
Page 147 and 148: 1993, Drtze and Stern 1987, Goldste
Page 149 and 150: Ailken, J., G. Cromwell and C. Wish
Page 151 and 152: Easterly, William and Sergio ReWo.
Page 153 and 154: Paul, Samuel. 1991a. -Accomitabilit
Page 155 and 156: Shirley; Mary and John Nellia 1991.
Page 157 and 158: *:: Appendix: Infrastr cture data T
Page 159 and 160: Piual aolai Ekd rkrilytarnyftig' nz
Page 161 and 162: *TLqdqmrc Main (rsRaiilwad tracks I
Page 163 and 164: *Teplephmein lines Railnnd tmcts rs
Page 165 and 166: Acress to safe drIPAIng zmfer Acem
Page 167 and 168: Table AS3 IBRD and IDA commitments
Page 169 and 170: * ;;\ * i Contents Key 154 Introduc
Page 171 and 172: mairking Popzdaliou: hrf htt Total
Page 173 and 174: .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I .- In
Page 175 and 176: into the following broad areas: pro
Page 177 and 178: : - .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Page 179 and 180: Pqm&uem Airs GN'perafii -AY an!A Uj
Page 181 and 182: GDP AgmIrflun"y Alatmqjrmd Senrrk.
Page 183 and 184:
Disurihhhiuuefgrmd dmndprSarrf 11 G
Page 185 and 186:
Frnltioirruapm Food pnafaai fndia $
Page 187 and 188:
E-wapro&d-rrm &-VWrvaimdVf Penwifr
Page 189 and 190:
Drnbmdnlnfmafaaummtwdwhirdalf%J 197
Page 191 and 192:
73 Ukraine.. ... 74 Algeria ~~~~~-.
Page 193 and 194:
Gewmt~ ~ Awgsaagsns 1 1970-80 *fl3)
Page 195 and 196:
Aimor GOUANWnk Gniadonmk piomm cama
Page 197 and 198:
D!~~me. MasSe limit ~~mar.w-fftw sf
Page 199 and 200:
Perauagrq JwL node riseiiv swim na
Page 201 and 202:
19M410 1.931-9 Sm 193 199 I93-92 PM
Page 203 and 204:
hfar~uNzr,,~r(udWrnSIAwwunqem-fgmi.
Page 205 and 206:
0hsrpflra Maudhmer& Dinf B21) 1992
Page 207 and 208:
P---rAgetrefurerd.ds&rcpans FiEs. n
Page 209 and 210:
73 Ukruin 339 10.3 33.0 3.2 IDA) 43
Page 211 and 212:
MD3 599 197f 19 197) 199 ami 1992 i
Page 213 and 214:
OECD Net bilatral flows to 1ew4ineo
Page 215 and 216:
~~~~~~~Fcquaa MSraefMIm Par iS&f WV
Page 217 and 218:
TowdrreTaRr -- Inc~~t mz2 ]m im mm
Page 219 and 220:
Dbimnsuzm pulEIMS) RqrsYWwsefpdnr4u
Page 221 and 222:
* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ToAd njinuc Net FDI
Page 223 and 224:
Wpram agwofamdamrsdddirm S of~~~S.f
Page 225 and 226:
Caiwhssu ~~~An iwqr6atwe A-ragromaB
Page 227 and 228:
Tot 1.iS. 1lj9muksud Awiugnwf-guw*
Page 229 and 230:
Cnd&bin CswkdtmuhArifuve rno fjrIUA
Page 231 and 232:
1970 199 1971 POO0 199 1970 1992 1O
Page 233 and 234:
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ * A~~~~~~~~ifm a
Page 235 and 236:
Luje'ecam=rurabt @vs A&J a(nionrper
Page 237 and 238:
PPPEJrImE4fGNp Tar Is seon N i Fe I
Page 239 and 240:
M%qainl in. Elm arrarein 1992.. 5 %
Page 241 and 242:
ParTr TdecImUmfaIUkdIS Pawr,! at Wa
Page 243 and 244:
Taunt iFemifirnms Fwstr,srsuahmrd.
Page 245 and 246:
E000 *t Technical notes' The main c
Page 247 and 248:
practical and conceptual difficulti
Page 249 and 250:
ties, and any statistical discrepan
Page 251 and 252:
ily workers, they exdude homeworker
Page 253 and 254:
and bxes not allocable to other cat
Page 255 and 256:
derived from shorter-term stays are
Page 257 and 258:
table, goods and services include w
Page 259 and 260:
aise the isk of infant mortaliyand
Page 261 and 262:
Columns 2 thrugh 7 give the shares
Page 263 and 264:
the ICP Phase IV report, World Comp
Page 265 and 266:
mation explicitly excludes decade-l
Page 267 and 268:
t 1 Classfiction orec"onomuies by i
Page 269 and 270:
Part 2 Clssfcation of economies by
show all

ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?