ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

on. grwh once more sophisticated econometric background papers by Eichengreenr Jacobson and
metiods were used hidude Holtz-Eakin 1992; those Tarr, and Kirwan. The concept of contestability is
that found their positive results not to be very much elaborated in Baumol, Panzar, and Willig 1988, and
affect are Bregnan and Marom 1993, Duffy-Deno its relevance to infrastructure is further developed
and Eberts 1991, Mera 1973, and Uchimura and Gao in Baumol and Lee 1991.
1993. A review of the literature on infrastructure's The section on the achievements in coverage of
impact on costs of production is in Asciauer 1993. irastructure is based on the data presented in the
The trucking study is Keeler and Ying 1988 Other appendix and hi the World Banks economic and
useful studies on the econonmic impacts of infra- social database. OECD 1993 provides a review of
structure include Arim6n and others 1993; Ford infrastructure performance issues in OECD counand
Poret 1991; Hulten and Schwab 1991 and 1993; tries.
Munnell 1990; and Uribe 1993.
The section on operational inefficiency draws
The discussion of the effects of rural infrastruc- from Galenson 1989, Gyamif. Gutierrez, and Yepes
ture draws from Ahmed and Hossain 1990 and 1992, Howe and Dixon 1993, World Barn 1991'T and
Bimswanger, Khandlak, and Rosenweig 1989. The 1993h, the World Bank power sector database, and
discussion on the value and composition of infra- Yepes 1990.
structure stocks is based on World Bank data and on Guy Le Moigne provided information on irriga-
Summers and Heston 1991. The section on returns tion effiaency. John Nebiker provided data for the
to World Baik proects draws from Galenson 1993, discussion of procurement issues, and relevant in-
Galenson and Thompson forthcoming, Gamn 1987, puts were also provided by Jean-Jacques Raoul and
Kaufmnann 1991, and Sangbvi, Vemstrom, and Francesco Samo.
Besant-Jones 1989. The Brookings istitutior's re- The section on maintenance draws from Gyamfi,
search study is Yresge and Roberts 1971. Table 1.2 Gutierrez, and Yepes 1992, Heggie forthcoming,
vvas obtained from the World Banc Operations Eval- Mason and Thriscutt 1991, Postel 1993, World Bank
utation Department database.
1988, and the Basu background paper. The reference
The discussion of infrastructure's various eco- t0 Cameron was provided by John Schwartz. The
nomic impacts is based on Doyen 1993, IMF 1993b, World Bank railway database and power sector
Kessides 1993a, Mody and Wang 1994, Mody and. database vere also used.
Yilmaz 1994, Peters 1990 and 1992, Rebelo 1992, Details of financial inefficency were obtained
Wheeler and Mody 1992, and World Bank 1992a. from Besant-Jones 1990b, Galenson and Thompson
Box 12 was drafted by Thawat Watanatada. The forthcoming, Heggie and Quick 1990, World Bank
sechon on ifrastructure m Central and Eastern Eu- 1993h, and Gvamnfl, Gutierrez, and Yepes 1992.
ropean countries draws from various World Bank On the unresponsiveness to user demand,
sector studies, including Bennatian and Thompson sources include Besant-Jones 1993, Singh and others
1992 and Blackshaw and Thompson 1993. 1993, and World Bank Water Demand Researh
Box 1.3 was drafted by Marianne Fay using Team 1993. Box 1.5 is based on Bell and others forth-
Hicks 1991, Meyers 1986, IMF 1993b, World Bank comin& Humplick, Kudat, and Madanat 1993,
1993a, and data on publi sector deficits from East- Madanat and Humplick 1993, and Sethi forthcomerly,
Rodriguez, and Schmidt-Hebbel forthcoming. ing; Kavita Sethi wrote an early draft of the box. Box
The discussion of poverty in India draws upon 1.6 derives from Lee and Anas 1992 and from Lee,
Lanjouw and Stern 1993 and National Housing Anas, and Verma 1993. Data on telephone fault rates
Bank of India 1992. Box 1A is based on Epstein 1962 and waiting time for connection are from the Interand
1973 and Lanjouw and Stern 1993. The discus- national Telecommunication Union 1994.
sion of infrasuctures ects on the urban poor The section on service to the poor draws on Bhadraws
from Kranton 1991. Caroline 0O N. Moser tia 1992, Cfnara and Banister 1993, and World Bank
contributed information on Ecuador from research sector work on BraziL The example of transport dework
in progress. The civil works programs men- mand assessment in Tanzania was provided by
tioned are discussed in Dreze and Sen 1989. The sec- Steven K Miler.
tion on environmental linkages draws from the The section on environmental impacts is based
Ruitenbeek background paper, Rabinovitch and on many environmental studies and assessments
Leitmann 1993, USAID 1991, and World Bank 1992c, produced inside and outside the World Banlk Addias
well as World Bank sector work on Thailand. tional material included Bartone and Bernstein 1992
References to the historical development of infra- and Bartone and others 1994. Box 1.7 was drafted by
structure and the private sector's role draw from the Peter Whitford.
125