ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

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Box 6.1 Ingedientr. of good peromneunder alternatiLve institutional forms Option AM Public ownership and public operation changes in input cost), mechanisms to reolve disputes, * Co munent roles as ownez wgolato and and sanction for no'perlormince. tar;dearly separateci. opera- * Contrcts awarded by tnspat selection -~~~~DPbi -Wwi*.No government -mra : interfeence suje to in detad : manage- -:menc pra mtiWs mn bIye onokcomptzbve bidding meOt Option Private owne-ship and private operation * Public enterprises subject to general commeirial Apropriate comnpetitive restructuring of subseclaw and to general accunting and auditing standards to undieken. -(operating on 'leve playing privte enlte-- (operating on level playing field"-with private ~ * Practical and statutory barriers to private entry re- - . - PF * Tariffs set to acieve cost mcovery as appropriate, moved - --- - (for - : S examnple, : - restictons on access to aedit and t p p i and entrisesubject to hard budget - - - - - . . * R~~~~~~~~~~~~Iegulabion in place to proted publc mbnters -- P--hic- serice: obigatiomn, if any, tareed andcompensated , . a,, .when ta,,ei competitive discipline is msufficent and to err- : . a~~ompertsated explicidybrygovanemtt-ansfers - explicitly-by government transfers. sure private entrants access to network facilities when Manags selected by professional qualificathons eleand compensated appropriately: i* Apprpriate mnechamsms in place to obtain feed- Option D- Community and user provision back fi use- * Participation of users or community members * Discrete activities and fumctions that can be un- - ~ - n Am earlest staze of prom preparation to ensure bmdled open bt private entry (for example, tirough ser- :wilingness topay and ownershipof scheme.. vice contracts). * contacts). . - anoe - . . - . - * Participation of bneficaries ensued through ap- = Private managementskfflsobtanedas neededfo prp-b or-iafma masanwItco tin example through managementconlracts) - m nsnd wit contibuion Ownership and control sbre wit inhkndprn * User group ash supported by access to hahiing and sector (for example, as minority shareholder). itenmical assistance from sectoral agency or nongovern- OptienB: Public p and private operation . mental organizations. * .asic legal = nock of . 3cI~ * Appropriate consieration given to tehical recre ibe nenre -rmewhan is, in plac m quirements for interonnection with primary or sec- - - diMKhblenfolrementmechanis,m inlace--.- : - . , - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~ondaiy network ice ifreslevantL -Contact s dclary spedfyurionitorable performance - . I .arZii~in s . .. i er Sevkce operators appmpnately trained, conipentkeS=b respo nsidstf ofowner and cperatoc processes -- - ---- - . - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~sated, and held accountable.- for periodicreviw (especially to acnt forunforesee tling of exstng organizations or the immediate scale power generation off the national gid-can crafting of an entirely new regulatory frmmework provide effective and affordable service in many areas, when those who contnrbute to the costs are OniONC PIVATE OWNESHIP AND PRIVATE OPERA- the primary beneficaries. Communtity self-help noN. Private (induding cooperive) ownership schemes must be selected, designed, and impleand operation are most attractive to the pnvate sec- mented locally-not imposed from outside. They tor when there is high potential for securing rev- may also offer the ondy feasible approach in inforenues from user charges and when commecial risk mal periurban settements and rual aeas until the and political risk are low- This option is likely to more formal supply systems expand their networks apply most readily in acivities that lend themselves sufficently to competition, such as telecommunications, power, . Previous chapters discussed experience with gas, railways, and ports (with appropnate tariff each of these institutional arrangements and the facpolicies); less readily to waste disposal; and least of tots contnbuting to success or failure. The main conall to rual roads. ditions for good perfonmance in each are summarized in Box 6.L OPIIoN D: COMMuNIry AND USER PROvISiON. For municipal and local services, user provision or com- Country conditions munity self-help arangements that provide smalerscale infrastructure-such as village feeder roads, Ulmimately, what is needed and what is possible towater supply and sanitation, and canals, or small- gether determine each country's reform options. m
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3jQi'[~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ I -:A -
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... ..... Oxford University Prss :O
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-: .- : 7 - A- - .~ g ------ Vry. _
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. 6 Setting priorities and implemen
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3.1. Contractual anrangements for p
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Because of changes in GNP per capit
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- - Infrastruckure's roleand record
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L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C- l' __
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Diagnosing the causes of poor perfo
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private sector have evolved. Port f
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tradability of infrastructure servi
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fits. The way ahead is one of 'cont
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Eior - 1 a iX for. - '1~t'*%~ E 6 -
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;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W.:-
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BoxL12 The importance of infrastruc
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and reliability, as well as on quan
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Expansion of transport infrastructu
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Roads are not private goods, althou
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Table 1.3 Expansion of infrastructu
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: ~ ~ 2 A :0::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 0 0
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pie of Latin American water utiltie
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straint to their mobility (Figure 1
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Box 1.7 Infastiucture activities ti
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* Option A: Public ownership and op
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Lessons of success and failure mana
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-~~~~o 22, -Svrac pa eae layoffs tt
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vices. These concerns are particula
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Management conitracting wHEN is Ir
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- :. : : . - I- ~~*r~ 4.~ accounts
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The best way of reducing the gap be
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the high rates of return for mainte
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l:: :: . - : 0~ ,aSn- ::~~~i /W-#H
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egional gas distributors, and an en
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5 : zFigre3C4mnbndbgl atvitie ices
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Helped in part by sectoral unbundli
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;t~~1F D ¢- l- e as is demnonstrat
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short-mn gain and skimp on routine
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Table 3.2 Value of infrastructure p
Page 77 and 78: Box 3.6 Telecom piivatizati6ci the
Page 79 and 80: Box 3.8 Regulation and privatizatio
Page 81 and 82: private management can become compl
Page 83 and 84: this chapter shows, where regulator
Page 85 and 86: transport ministries in Africa is o
Page 87 and 88: Unlodking local effort through- dec
Page 89 and 90: Box 4.3 Power in Purang and roads i
Page 91 and 92: ->W>
Page 93 and 94: way of achieving distributional obj
Page 95 and 96: are bundled into low-cost loans to
Page 97 and 98: powerful minorities can capture the
Page 99 and 100: to this purpose without sacrificing
Page 101 and 102: found that although households were
Page 103 and 104: 4 I~~~Z Box46 W canbenefitftbm ibut
Page 105 and 106: I Box. 4.9 Icroaigenviironmental. c
Page 107 and 108: . ............ --S - Financigneeded
Page 109 and 110: Box 5.1 Is there a free lunch?-limi
Page 111 and 112: Box 52 Tapping international capita
Page 113 and 114: 1~~~~D Clt ,-,.Re -b cope an tie 0
Page 115 and 116: V Box 5A A successfl-firtt step in
Page 117 and 118: change risk through the passing on
Page 119 and 120: Box 5.8 Look before you leap: limit
Page 121 and 122: poor financial discipline, and subs
Page 123 and 124: 'sv,t-za6oapioceeds (billions of VS
Page 125 and 126: -~ f4' * ; ylkj XtLSidolkits.(1. -~
Page 127: .*,mmr ''', '- ' f - .,__ -, 6.. -.
Page 131 and 132: government and e strength of the co
Page 133 and 134: = -ableb 6.Te tspbrhivaof jrnte' sc
Page 135 and 136: elements of natural monopoly and mu
Page 137 and 138: solid waste disposal through metrop
Page 139 and 140: portant that uinstituitional activi
Page 141 and 142: V-~~~~~~ : ~~~~ :: . = .-s Bibliogr
Page 143 and 144: on. grwh once more sophisticated ec
Page 145 and 146: structure and explain the importanc
Page 147 and 148: 1993, Drtze and Stern 1987, Goldste
Page 149 and 150: Ailken, J., G. Cromwell and C. Wish
Page 151 and 152: Easterly, William and Sergio ReWo.
Page 153 and 154: Paul, Samuel. 1991a. -Accomitabilit
Page 155 and 156: Shirley; Mary and John Nellia 1991.
Page 157 and 158: *:: Appendix: Infrastr cture data T
Page 159 and 160: Piual aolai Ekd rkrilytarnyftig' nz
Page 161 and 162: *TLqdqmrc Main (rsRaiilwad tracks I
Page 163 and 164: *Teplephmein lines Railnnd tmcts rs
Page 165 and 166: Acress to safe drIPAIng zmfer Acem
Page 167 and 168: Table AS3 IBRD and IDA commitments
Page 169 and 170: * ;;\ * i Contents Key 154 Introduc
Page 171 and 172: mairking Popzdaliou: hrf htt Total
Page 173 and 174: .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I .- In
Page 175 and 176: into the following broad areas: pro
Page 177 and 178: : - .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Pqm&uem Airs GN'perafii -AY an!A Uj
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GDP AgmIrflun"y Alatmqjrmd Senrrk.
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Disurihhhiuuefgrmd dmndprSarrf 11 G
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Frnltioirruapm Food pnafaai fndia $
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E-wapro&d-rrm &-VWrvaimdVf Penwifr
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Drnbmdnlnfmafaaummtwdwhirdalf%J 197
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73 Ukraine.. ... 74 Algeria ~~~~~-.
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Gewmt~ ~ Awgsaagsns 1 1970-80 *fl3)
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Aimor GOUANWnk Gniadonmk piomm cama
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D!~~me. MasSe limit ~~mar.w-fftw sf
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Perauagrq JwL node riseiiv swim na
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19M410 1.931-9 Sm 193 199 I93-92 PM
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hfar~uNzr,,~r(udWrnSIAwwunqem-fgmi.
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0hsrpflra Maudhmer& Dinf B21) 1992
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P---rAgetrefurerd.ds&rcpans FiEs. n
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73 Ukruin 339 10.3 33.0 3.2 IDA) 43
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MD3 599 197f 19 197) 199 ami 1992 i
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OECD Net bilatral flows to 1ew4ineo
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~~~~~~~Fcquaa MSraefMIm Par iS&f WV
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TowdrreTaRr -- Inc~~t mz2 ]m im mm
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Dbimnsuzm pulEIMS) RqrsYWwsefpdnr4u
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* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ToAd njinuc Net FDI
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Wpram agwofamdamrsdddirm S of~~~S.f
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Caiwhssu ~~~An iwqr6atwe A-ragromaB
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Tot 1.iS. 1lj9muksud Awiugnwf-guw*
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Cnd&bin CswkdtmuhArifuve rno fjrIUA
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1970 199 1971 POO0 199 1970 1992 1O
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_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ * A~~~~~~~~ifm a
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Luje'ecam=rurabt @vs A&J a(nionrper
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PPPEJrImE4fGNp Tar Is seon N i Fe I
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M%qainl in. Elm arrarein 1992.. 5 %
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ParTr TdecImUmfaIUkdIS Pawr,! at Wa
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Taunt iFemifirnms Fwstr,srsuahmrd.
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E000 *t Technical notes' The main c
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practical and conceptual difficulti
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ties, and any statistical discrepan
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ily workers, they exdude homeworker
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and bxes not allocable to other cat
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derived from shorter-term stays are
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table, goods and services include w
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aise the isk of infant mortaliyand
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Columns 2 thrugh 7 give the shares
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the ICP Phase IV report, World Comp
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mation explicitly excludes decade-l
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t 1 Classfiction orec"onomuies by i
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Part 2 Clssfcation of economies by
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