ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

eqxpctancy of less than 50 years has experienced a cduring her lifetimne (assuming fixed age-specific fer-
for these countries, fertility ran- tiity and mortalty rtes) reflects the extent to which
sition is delayed, and the average decline of the a cohort of newborn girls will reproduce themgroup
of countries in fiertility transition is applied. selves. An NRR of indicates that fertility is at re-
Countries withi below-replacement fertilty are as- placement level: at this rate women will bear, on avsurned
to have constant total fertility rates until erage, only enough daughters to replace themselves
2005 and to regain replacement level by 2030. in the population.
Internationalmigration-rates are based on.past Married twomen of childbearing aige utsinzg cant racep.-
and present trends in migration flows and migra- tion are women who are practicing, or whose bustion
polic3r; Among the sources. consulted ame esti- bands. are practicing, any formn of contraception.
mates and projections made by national statistical Contraceptive usage is generally measured for maroffices,
intemational agencies, and research institu- fled women age 15 to 49. A few countries use mealions.
Because of the uncertainty of future miegrationr sumes relating to other age groups, especially 15
trends, it is assumed in the projections that net mi- to 44.
gration rates will reach zero by 2025
Data are mainly derived from demographic and
The esineaytes of the size of the stationary popu- health surveys, contraceptive prevalence sunreys,
lation are very long-term projections. They are in- and World Bank country data. For a few countries
duded only to show the implcations owf recent fertil- for which no survey data are available and for sevity
and. modtality trends on the basis of generalzed era African. countries, program statistics are used.
assumptions. A fuller description of the methods Program'statistics ma understate contraceptive
and assumptions used to calculate the estimates is prevalence because they do not neasure use of
contained in World Population Projections, 1994-95 methods such as rhythm, -withdrawal, or absti-
Editioln (orthcomingc
nence, or use. of mcntraceptives not obtainedl
Total laborfofrce is the "economically active" popu- Ctrough the official family plannmg program- The
lation; a retrictive concept that indudes the armed data refer to rates prevailing fi a variety of years,
forces and theo unemployed -but uexdudes home- genealy not more than three years before and one.
makers and others unpaid caregivers. Labor force year after the year specified in the table.
numbers in several.developing countries reflect a All- summary measures are country data
significant underestimation of female partiipation weighted by each country's share inrthe appropria
rates, Labor force growth rates are derived from In- population subgroup. Thus the crude birth (death)
ternational Labour Organisation (ILO) data.
rate is weighted by the number of brths (deaths) in
each country, and the total fertility rate and births to
ityable 26.Dmogrtapy arends on ebiog ty
nrLAwomen under 20 and over 35 are weighted by the
The crude birth rate and crude deatei rate indicate, re- relevant population subgroups.
spectively, the number of live births and deaths oc- Tablen27.Healthandnutri
curing per thousand population in a year. They
come fomn the soures mentioned in the note to The estimates of population per pheysicia and per
Table 25. (See the Key for survey and census infor- nursing person are derived from World Health Orgamation.)
rnzation (WHO) data and are supplemented by data
The tota--fertility rate represents the number of obtained directly by the World Bartk from national
children that would be bor to a woman if she were sources. The data refer to a variety of years, genertoslivelto
the endofherchildbearingyearsandbear allyno more than wo years before the year specichildren
at each age in accordance with prevailing fled. Nursing persons include auxiliary nurses, as
age-specific fertility rates. The rates given are from well as paraprofessional personnel such as tradithe
sources mentioned in the note for Table 25 (Se t tional birth attendants.. The inclusion of auxiliary
Key for (the survey and census information.)
and paraprofessional personnel provides more real-
Births to uwomen untder age- 20 and over age 35 are istic estimates of available ntursing care. Because deshownas
a percentage of all births. These births are finitions of doctors and nursing personnel varyoften
high risk because of the greater risk of compli- and because the data shown are for a variety of
cations dulv ng pregnancy and childbirth. Cidren ars-the data for these two indicators are not
bor to very youngf or to older women are also more strictly comparable across countries.
242:sona vulnerables eetg falbii.Teebrh r iiin Loa birthrveigdt f obr atbies n are usn children eire bor weighing ay
The net reproduction rate (NRR), which measures less than 2,500 grams. Low birthweight is frequently
the number of daughters a newbomr girl wi bear associated with materal malnutrition. It tends to
fertility -tansition;