ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

The section on new opportunities draws from Trivedi 1990 provided useful details on the develop
many academic studies and other sources both pub ing country experience with performance agreelished
and unpublished. References to digitalization ments, and Debande 1993 and the Debande and
in Brazil are from Hobday 1990. Albert Wright and Drumaux background paper supplied detailed in-
John Courtney provided infornation on alternative sights on the European experience with perfortechnologies
for sanitation. Riverson and Carapetis mance agreements.
1991 and Colin Relf provided examples of improve- Many of the conceptual insights in the discussion
merits in nonmotorized kmnsporL
of the roles of incentives in the organization of gov-
Valuable suggestions on the drafting of this chap- erinments were inspired by Laffont and rirole 1993
ter were provided by, among others, Jean Baneth, and Milgrom and Roberts 1992. Box 2.4 and the dis
William Easterly, Harvey A. Gam, and Gregory Sta- cussion on Korea throughout the chapter draw on
ple. Inputs to the sections on envirounental links material in Ciss6 forthconming, Shirley and Nellis
were provided by Carl Bartone and Josef Leitmann, 1991, and Trivedi 1990.
and additional comments on this subject came from The information on Brazifs highway depart-
Carter Brandon, Mauree Crpper. Alfed Duda, merits draws on intemal Bank documents and addiand
Rogier van den Brink Others who provided tional data provided by Jacques Cellier. The data on
very helpful commernts on earlier drafts indude Mexico's Federal Electricity Commission were pro-
MarcJuhel, Guy Le Moigne, Herve Plusquelec, and vided bv its staff. The discussion of management
Yan Wang.
contracts benefited from the ongoing work by Mazi
M-novi, Hafeez Shai]kh, Thelma Triche, and specific
ChJapter 2 suggestions by John Nellis and Louis Thompson.
Electricite de France, Philippe Durand, and World
The data on cross-secoral comparisons in this chap- Bank 1993h are the sources for Box 235. Box 2.6 on
ter are from the World Bank database on adjustment AGETIPs draws on PNan 1993. The examples on
lending conditionality and implementation (ALCID) subcontracting are from Galenson and Thompson
for structural and sectoral adjustment loans. Most forthcomin& Miguel and Condron 1991, and Yepes
examples and anecdotes are from appraisal reports, 199!2 The data for Figure 2.1 on Togo are from hitercompletion
reports, and other evaluations of pro nal Bank documents.
Jects managed by the Bank over approximately the The survey of cost recovery and pricing issues
last twenty years. The recent Bank study of opera- has benefited from the discussion in Bahl and Linn
tions and maintenance in Latin America by Gyamfi, 1992, Julius and Alicbusan 1989, and from ongoing
Cutierrez, and Yepes 1992 provided invaluable in- work byCarlos Veles on Brazil and by Zniarak Shalformation
on the quality quantity, and nature of izi on the road sector.
government mvolvement in infrastructure, particu- Many of the examples on the consequences of
larly for roads, power, and water.
failing to minimize costs are from Gyamfi, Gutier-
The quantification of the gains from privatization rez, and Yepes 1992; from Bhatia and Falkenmark
in Chile's power sector is discussed in Galal and 1993 for the Asian, Haitian, and Mauritanian examothers
forthcomin& Box 2.1 draws on a 1992 inter- ples; and from Yepes 1992 for the Latin American
nal evaluation of the Bank's experience over the last examples. The willingness-to-pay study for Espirito
twenty years in the water and sanitation sector. Box Santo comes from internal World Bank documents.
2.2 was drafted by Stefan Alber. Table 2.1 was com- Heggie forticoming provided data on road-user
piled from detailed data extracted from ALCID. The charges in-Tanzania. Newbery and others 1988 is the
examples on Brazil, Ghana, and Indonesia, includ- source for the data on Tunisia. Box 2.7 is based on
ing Box 2.3, are from internal World Bank docu- work by John Besant-Jones. Box 2.8 reflects extenments.
Ian Heggie suggested the discussion of New sive comments from World Bank staff in the Trans-
Zealand and the wads corporations. The data on the portation, Water, and Urban Development departlarge
water utility in East Asia are from the World ment and from infrastructure staff in the Africa
Bank's own 1992 assessment of its experience in the departienL Useful backgound information was
sector. The example on the gains from changes in found in Altaf, Jamal, and Whitffngton 1992, Hau
road construction technology in Rwanda is from 1990, Johansen 1989a and 1989b, and Whittington
Martens 1990- The overall discussion of the section and others 1990.
on corporatization and performance agreements Finally, the foilowing contain additional material
draws on Cisse forthcoming, Galal and others forth- complementary to the chapter. Bouttes and Haag
coming, Nellis 1988, and Shirley and Nellis 1991. 1992 discuss the economics of networks in infra-
126