ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

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5.3 Warning signs from the nineteenth century 94 5.4 A successful first step in Guatemala 97 5.5 Land grnts and em'nent domain 98'. 5.6 Mexico's tol roads: a big push that faltered 99 .5.7 Leveraging t lroghe guarantees in Thailand 100 5.8 Look before you leap: limiting government exposure to contingent liabilities 101 5.9 Successful municipal credit in Colombia 103 6.1 Ingredients of good performance under alternative institutional forms I11 Text figures 1 As a country's income grows, the amount of infrastructure increases 3 2 The compositioni of infrastructure changes with country income level 4 3 Infrastructuire has expanded tremendously in recent decades -5 4 Urban populitions have better access to safe drining water than rural populations 6 - .. 5 Annual gains from eliminating mispicing and inefficiency are large relative to.investment 11 1.1 Public infrastruchure investment is. a large fraction of both total and public investment in developing countries 14 1.2 Per capita availability of major infrastructure is dosely related to income levels 16 1.3 Infrastructure services differ substantially in their economic characteristics across sectors, within sectozs, and between technologies 25 1.4 The mrual-urban gap in access to power and water in developing countries narrowed over the past decade 27 15 Efficient and effective delivery of infrastructure services does not always accompany increased availability 28 1.6 There is very high unmet demand for telephone connection 31 1.7 Walking is a transport mode used frequently by the poor 33 2.1 The adoption of commercial principles in 1984 allowed Togo's water utility to increase coverage and production.. . but a performance agreement in 1989 was needed to impiove financiai outcomes. 46 -2.2 Costs are seldom fully recovzered in infrastructure 47 3.1 Unbundling activities increases the options for competition and private sector involvement 56 3.2 Leases and concessions in infrastructure sectors are common, even m low-income countries 60 33 Privatizations in telecommunications can lead to large gains 65 4.1 Countries with decentralized road maintenance'have better roads 75 4.2 Partcipation increases water project effectiveness by improvmg maintenance 76 4.3 In water and sewerage, the better-off often get more subsidies than the poor 80 4.4 Even in some formerly centrally planned economies, infrastructure subsidies went mainly to the better-off 81 51 Large shares of official development finance for infrastructure go to energy and transport 90 - 5.2 ,Official lending for infrastructure has increased, but publidy guaranteed private'loans have fallen 90 5.3 Infrastructure is a large share of priva ization proceeds; foreign financing of infrastructure privatization is important in Latin America 105 5A Infrastructure equities are contnbuting to the growth of Argentina's capital market 106 5.5 Infrastructure equities have outperformed other stocks by a huge margin 107 5.6 Options for financing incrase with admiistrative capacity and maturity of domestic capital markets 108 Text tables 1.1 Value added of infrastructure services by country groups 13 * ' 1.2 .. Average economic rates of rermn on World Bank-supported projects, 1974-92 27 1.3 Expansion of infrastructure coverage in low-, middle-, and high-income economies, recent decades 26 1A Percentage of the poorest and richest population quintiles with access to infrastructure, various countries 32 2.1 Common managernent problems in public sector infrastructure entities, 1980-92 39 vil
3.1. Contractual anrangements for private water supply 61 3.2 Value of inftastructure privatizations in developing countries, 1988-92 64 .5.1 Portfolio and foreign dirct investrnent in developing countries, 1990-93 92 -5.2 Infrastructure project financing for projects funded and in the pipeline, October 1993 95 .5.3 Project financing of funded infrastruchre projects, by sector, October 1993 95 6.1 The main institutional options for provision of infrastructure 110 6.2 Country infrastructure coverage and perfonnance 112 6.3 Feasibility of private sector delivery varies by infrastructure components 115 .6.4 Options in telecommunications and energy- 116 6.5 Options in water and waste 118 6.6 Options in transport .119 6.7 Fisal burden of.underpriced infrastructure 121 6.8 Savings from increased efficiency, 122 Appendix tables A.1 Physical measures of infrastructure provision 140 A.2 Access to ddnidngwaterand sanitation 146 A3 IBRD and IDA commitments 149 A.4 Official development finpnce commitments 149 viii
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Page 3 and 4: ... ..... Oxford University Prss :O
Page 5 and 6: -: .- : 7 - A- - .~ g ------ Vry. _
Page 7: . 6 Setting priorities and implemen
Page 11 and 12: Because of changes in GNP per capit
Page 13 and 14: - - Infrastruckure's roleand record
Page 15 and 16: L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C- l' __
Page 17 and 18: Diagnosing the causes of poor perfo
Page 19 and 20: private sector have evolved. Port f
Page 21 and 22: tradability of infrastructure servi
Page 23 and 24: fits. The way ahead is one of 'cont
Page 25 and 26: Eior - 1 a iX for. - '1~t'*%~ E 6 -
Page 27 and 28: ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W.:-
Page 29 and 30: BoxL12 The importance of infrastruc
Page 31 and 32: and reliability, as well as on quan
Page 33 and 34: Expansion of transport infrastructu
Page 35 and 36: Roads are not private goods, althou
Page 37 and 38: Table 1.3 Expansion of infrastructu
Page 39 and 40: : ~ ~ 2 A :0::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 0 0
Page 41 and 42: pie of Latin American water utiltie
Page 43 and 44: straint to their mobility (Figure 1
Page 45 and 46: Box 1.7 Infastiucture activities ti
Page 47 and 48: * Option A: Public ownership and op
Page 49 and 50: Lessons of success and failure mana
Page 51 and 52: -~~~~o 22, -Svrac pa eae layoffs tt
Page 53 and 54: vices. These concerns are particula
Page 55 and 56: Management conitracting wHEN is Ir
Page 57 and 58: - :. : : . - I- ~~*r~ 4.~ accounts
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The best way of reducing the gap be
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the high rates of return for mainte
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l:: :: . - : 0~ ,aSn- ::~~~i /W-#H
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egional gas distributors, and an en
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5 : zFigre3C4mnbndbgl atvitie ices
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Helped in part by sectoral unbundli
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;t~~1F D ¢- l- e as is demnonstrat
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short-mn gain and skimp on routine
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Table 3.2 Value of infrastructure p
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Box 3.6 Telecom piivatizati6ci the
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Box 3.8 Regulation and privatizatio
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private management can become compl
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this chapter shows, where regulator
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transport ministries in Africa is o
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Unlodking local effort through- dec
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Box 4.3 Power in Purang and roads i
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->W>
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way of achieving distributional obj
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are bundled into low-cost loans to
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powerful minorities can capture the
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to this purpose without sacrificing
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found that although households were
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4 I~~~Z Box46 W canbenefitftbm ibut
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I Box. 4.9 Icroaigenviironmental. c
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. ............ --S - Financigneeded
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Box 5.1 Is there a free lunch?-limi
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Box 52 Tapping international capita
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1~~~~D Clt ,-,.Re -b cope an tie 0
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V Box 5A A successfl-firtt step in
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change risk through the passing on
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Box 5.8 Look before you leap: limit
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poor financial discipline, and subs
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'sv,t-za6oapioceeds (billions of VS
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-~ f4' * ; ylkj XtLSidolkits.(1. -~
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.*,mmr ''', '- ' f - .,__ -, 6.. -.
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Box 6.1 Ingedientr. of good peromne
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government and e strength of the co
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= -ableb 6.Te tspbrhivaof jrnte' sc
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elements of natural monopoly and mu
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solid waste disposal through metrop
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portant that uinstituitional activi
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V-~~~~~~ : ~~~~ :: . = .-s Bibliogr
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on. grwh once more sophisticated ec
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structure and explain the importanc
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1993, Drtze and Stern 1987, Goldste
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Ailken, J., G. Cromwell and C. Wish
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Easterly, William and Sergio ReWo.
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Paul, Samuel. 1991a. -Accomitabilit
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Shirley; Mary and John Nellia 1991.
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*:: Appendix: Infrastr cture data T
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Piual aolai Ekd rkrilytarnyftig' nz
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*TLqdqmrc Main (rsRaiilwad tracks I
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*Teplephmein lines Railnnd tmcts rs
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Acress to safe drIPAIng zmfer Acem
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Table AS3 IBRD and IDA commitments
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* ;;\ * i Contents Key 154 Introduc
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mairking Popzdaliou: hrf htt Total
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.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I .- In
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into the following broad areas: pro
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: - .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Pqm&uem Airs GN'perafii -AY an!A Uj
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GDP AgmIrflun"y Alatmqjrmd Senrrk.
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Disurihhhiuuefgrmd dmndprSarrf 11 G
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Frnltioirruapm Food pnafaai fndia $
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E-wapro&d-rrm &-VWrvaimdVf Penwifr
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Drnbmdnlnfmafaaummtwdwhirdalf%J 197
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73 Ukraine.. ... 74 Algeria ~~~~~-.
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Gewmt~ ~ Awgsaagsns 1 1970-80 *fl3)
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Aimor GOUANWnk Gniadonmk piomm cama
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D!~~me. MasSe limit ~~mar.w-fftw sf
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Perauagrq JwL node riseiiv swim na
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19M410 1.931-9 Sm 193 199 I93-92 PM
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hfar~uNzr,,~r(udWrnSIAwwunqem-fgmi.
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0hsrpflra Maudhmer& Dinf B21) 1992
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P---rAgetrefurerd.ds&rcpans FiEs. n
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73 Ukruin 339 10.3 33.0 3.2 IDA) 43
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MD3 599 197f 19 197) 199 ami 1992 i
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OECD Net bilatral flows to 1ew4ineo
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~~~~~~~Fcquaa MSraefMIm Par iS&f WV
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TowdrreTaRr -- Inc~~t mz2 ]m im mm
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Dbimnsuzm pulEIMS) RqrsYWwsefpdnr4u
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* ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ToAd njinuc Net FDI
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Wpram agwofamdamrsdddirm S of~~~S.f
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Caiwhssu ~~~An iwqr6atwe A-ragromaB
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Tot 1.iS. 1lj9muksud Awiugnwf-guw*
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Cnd&bin CswkdtmuhArifuve rno fjrIUA
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1970 199 1971 POO0 199 1970 1992 1O
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_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ * A~~~~~~~~ifm a
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Luje'ecam=rurabt @vs A&J a(nionrper
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PPPEJrImE4fGNp Tar Is seon N i Fe I
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M%qainl in. Elm arrarein 1992.. 5 %
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ParTr TdecImUmfaIUkdIS Pawr,! at Wa
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Taunt iFemifirnms Fwstr,srsuahmrd.
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E000 *t Technical notes' The main c
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practical and conceptual difficulti
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ties, and any statistical discrepan
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ily workers, they exdude homeworker
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and bxes not allocable to other cat
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derived from shorter-term stays are
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table, goods and services include w
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aise the isk of infant mortaliyand
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Columns 2 thrugh 7 give the shares
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the ICP Phase IV report, World Comp
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mation explicitly excludes decade-l
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t 1 Classfiction orec"onomuies by i
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Part 2 Clssfcation of economies by
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ASi" kUCTURE FlOR DEVELOPMENT

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