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English-Polish language contact in the translation of EU law 125
difficult it is to convey the same message expressed in a SL into the TL. Because
the scope of the study is limited, no reference to other language versions
is given, and the focus is mainly on the Polish language phraseology. Several
dictionaries were analyzed such as Uniwersalny Słownik Języka Polskiego (Dubisz
2003), Słownik Frazeologiczny Języka Polskiego (Skorupka 1974), Słownik
Wyrazów Obcych (Tokarski 1980), Słownik Poprawnej Polszczyzny (Doroszewski
1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Angielsko-Polski
Słownik Terminologii Prawniczej (Łozińska-Małkiewicz & Małkiewicz 2005),
Słownik Terminologii Prawniczej i Ekonomicznej (Jaślan 2005), Słownik Prawniczy
Polsko-Angielski (Polska Akademia Nauk 1986), Słownik Prawniczy Polsko-Angielski
(Pieńkoś 2002), Euromowa. Słownik Unii Europejskiej (Misztal-
Kania 2005).
The most desired situation is the existence of a clear one-to-one correspondence
between SL items and TL items labeled as a direct or exact equivalence,
which as it was touched upon by many scholars is hard to arrive at. Very often
terminological consistency is achieved by borrowing, which is documented by
the examples such as “convergence of economies” – konwergencja gospodarki,
“subsidies” – subsydia, “dumping” – dumping, “allocation of resources” – alokacja
zasobów. These legal terms have gained public recognition and are commonly
used by lawyers. In the process of borrowing, such lexical items underwent
a slight transformation, especially in terms of spelling as in Polish konwergencja;
subsydia or they were simply accepted without any changes as in
dumping. Certain terms, due to a lack of common agreement of which equivalent
is most faithful one, exist in both English and Polish form, for instance
Barcz (2011: 275) uses the term zasada pre-empcji from “pre-emption principle”
including in brackets other items such as zasada pierwszeństwa and doktryna
zajętego pola. In addition, there are many phrases and terms formulated
from their English equivalents and formally accepted as part and parcel of EU
communication, for instance the names of “institutions” – instytucje and “bodies”
– organy or the names of “principles” such as “the principle of conferral” –
zasada przyznania kompetencji, “the principle of subsidiarity” – zasada pomocniczości
/ subsydiarności, “the principle of proportionality” – zasada proporcionalności
and “the principle of sincere cooperation” – zasada lojalnej współpracy.
The same applies to many concepts that are difficult to translate such as
for instance the phrase footbridge that in Polish law is used under the term procedura
kładki, klazula pomostowa, klauzula przejścia, procedura dynamizująca
that all stand for the procedure regulating the modification of the provisions
stipulated in the treaty (cf. Barcz 2011: 309). Another example worth mentioning
is the phrase monopole delegowane, the English equivalent of which is the
phrase “monopolies delegated”. A special example is the phrase originating
from the French language acquis communatuaire that refers to the legal heritage