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180 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska tificational and relational value. By combining and applying certain semiotic features, such as phonetic variables, syntactic structures or vocabulary options, the author may activate a given frame for the communicative encounter, for example that of an interview rather than a conversation. Thus, the author can frame the discourse in terms of the genre applied, the speech act performed, or the level of formality in register. With respect to the relational aspect of framing, the stylistic choices taken by the author may be used to signal the implied distance between the participants, or their familiarity with the subject. Personal, professional and relational identities can be pre-figured in the discourse with certain stylistic choices, as has already been documented in the case of “girl talk” and “queer talk” (Rampton 1995), “teacher talk” (Block 2007), or “business talk” (Coupland 2007). In this study, the “educational” frame has been activated by entitling the book of political commentary as “a scrib”. It has been designed to make this particular journalistic text relatively accessible to broader audiences, perhaps in opposition to other serious or scholarly texts on international politics. Voicing refers to how authentic the speaker appears to be in relation to his identity. By closely following the prescriptive norms of a given discourse community (e.g., journalists), one loses an opportunity to “voice one’s individuality”. Likewise, by quoting only other people’s words, one is not able to express one’s own stance. Conversely, one can use public outlets to “voice” one’s opinion, insight and knowledge. In journalistic discourse both types of voicing are permissible – for reporters and columnists respectively. Nonetheless, with the rise of “celebrity journalism”, the role of self-styling has increased. In the competitive media market, a journalist needs to write in such a way as to stand out from the crowd. Once a journalist becomes recognized, he/she needs to keep up this reputation by cultivating a unique personal writing style. Sometimes such celebrity persona needs to be managed through contrived stylistic devices, such as memorable loans and coinages. Keying is the tone or the degree of seriousness of the communicative encounter, from banter and teasing through light-hearted irony and witticism, to sarcasm and ridicule (all of which can be found in Ostrowski’s book). Often instances of verbal play involve personal display of one’s sense of humor and intelligence. Importantly, identity effects are usually instigated by connotative potential of linguistic signs rather than their denotation. In this study, it will be of interest whether the use of code-mixing is a function of the informative content of the exposition, a playful and entertaining design, or a stylistic ploy to project desired identities. Finally, loading refers to “the level of a speaker’s investment in an identity being negotiated” (Coupland 2007: 114). One might try to style, even stylize, certain identities through an intricate design of linguistic elements. This is
Identity styling through code-mixing in journalistic discourse 181 somewhat related to the pragmalinguistic rules behind “doing face work” – appearing to the others in a positive light and not allowing to be imposed upon. Specifically, associations of prestige could be conveyed by the use of hypercorrect standard variety, elaborate structure, technical jargon or foreignized lexis, as is the case in the present study. 4. Code-mixing in Marek Ostrowski’s book: A typology The following is a typological analysis of identified examples of codemixing in Marek Ostrowski’s (2006) book of political commentary Co nas obchodzi świat. Ściągawka na czas chaosu [Who cares for the world: A scrib for the times of chaos] (pp. 305). However, the analysis is based on examples garnered only from pages 105-305. This has been done: (1) to make the number of examples manageable for the purposes of this study; (2) to exclude cases, presumably in early chapters, where the author may have introduced and explained foreign terminology; (3) to ensure the sample is representative for styling. The overall number of tokens of code-mixing in the sample is 102 (i.e., English appears on average on every second page). All the instances are referenced below in brackets, but only some have been chosen for exemplifications. 4.1. Translated loans The first and most numerous type of code-mixing (42 out of 102) is when the author introduces an English word or phrase and translates it into Polish. One case is when Ostrowski quotes some memorable English lines, sayings or proverbs (2006: 112, 130, 149, 167, 210, 218, 282, 300). These may express the original thought in such a concise manner that using their Polish equivalents would not be equally rhetorically potent: [1] There are no free lunches – nie ma obiadów za darmo – jak mawiają anglosascy biznesmeni (130); 1 [2] Demokracja większościowa, w której winner takes all, zwycięzca wyborów bierze wszystko (300). 2 By weaving English quotes into his line of argumentation, Ostrowski achieves an effect of staying close to the authentic ways of political thinking and journalistic expression in the Anglo-American world. What may bother us is the inconsistent glossing system; italics or inverted commas are used to indi- 1 2 There are no free lunches – there are no free lunches – as Anglo-Saxon businessmen would say. Majority democracy, where [the] winner takes all, the winner of the election takes it all.
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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DOROTA BUSZYŃSKA UNIVERSITY OF WRO
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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MICHAEL HORNSBY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
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A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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104 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen re
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106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
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108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
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110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
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112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
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114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
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116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
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118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
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120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
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122 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup nally
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124 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup When
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126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
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128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
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230 Alicja Witalisz Taking into acc
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232 Alicja Witalisz 3.2. Semantic r
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234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion a
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KAMILA BINIEK KARKONOSZE STATE HIGH
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Etymological research on the source
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