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140 Rhidian Jones more anglicized the language would lose a rich repository of fluent and natural speakers, not to mention the loss of domains. Wales does not have demarcated communities where the language is officially maintained, similar to the Gaeltachtaí in Ireland, and there is little political support for such a policy in Wales. However, in local authority areas in the north and west, Welsh is the main medium of education in primary schools and Welsh is given precedence on road signs and place names which has the semantic effect of emphasizing the Welshness of the areas. 2.3. Fluency The numbers of Welsh speakers increased by 74 thousand between 1991 and 2001 according to the Census results, and the 2011 results will in all likelihood indicate another slight increase due to the growth of Welsh language education for children in the last 10 years. However, the ability to speak Welsh fluently and naturally seems to have decreased. An extensive survey by the Welsh Language Board, entitled 2004 Welsh Language Use Survey (2006), found that only 57% of Welsh speakers considered themselves fluent in the language, while the corresponding percentage in 1992 was 61%. Worryingly, in the age group 3–15 only 44% of Welsh speakers were regarded as fluent in comparison with 72% of speakers over 65. It is relevant to note that 73% of Welsh speakers aged 3–15 learnt Welsh at school rather than in the home, which highlights the importance of education in sustaining Welsh as a living language (2004 Welsh Language Use Survey 2006: 23). However, many children do not use it outside the classroom and are not inclined, or lack the confidence, to use it outside the domain of the school, and this has an effect on fluency in this age group. Language transferal within the home is a cause of concern which influences fluency among children and young people. Among Welsh-speaking children whose mother was the only parent who spoke Welsh, the survey found that 71% learnt Welsh at home and the remainder learnt it at school. Among speakers whose father was the only parent who spoke Welsh, less than half had learnt Welsh at home (2004 Welsh Language Use Survey 2006: 23). To summarize, the negative aspects, the precarious state of naturally Welshspeaking communities, and the fluency of young Welsh-speakers are issues of concern to the future and vitality of Welsh. In consequence, I will mention briefly the reasons to be more positive about the future of Welsh.
Welsh language – survival against the odds 141 3. The future situation of Welsh and its speakers 3.1. Status In 2010 the National Assembly of Wales voted to make Welsh an official language in Wales, along with English. Such official recognition may not be enough on its own, as the situation of Irish demonstrates, but it is a significant symbolic gesture and is indicative of the general goodwill that exists towards the language within Wales. In 2012 the National Assembly of Wales will appoint a Language Commissioner whose role will be to promote and facilitate the use of Welsh, with “strong enforcement powers to protect the rights of Welsh speakers to access services through the medium of Welsh.” (Welsh Government website 2011) 3.2. Education 1/3 of school pupils in Wales receive their education through the medium of Welsh, and the demand for Welsh-medium education continues to grow. The provision of Welsh-medium teaching in the higher education sector is not extensive and this paucity is being addressed by the recently-established Coleg Ffederal Cymraeg (Welsh Federal College). 3.3. Workplace Bilingualism is regarded as an asset and many job advertisements state that the ability to use Welsh would be an advantage, particularly in the public sector. Research on the 2001 Census results have shown that Welsh-speakers earn slightly more than non-Welsh-speakers. Businesses also make more visual use of the language than was the case 20 years ago, and most supermarkets in Wales have bilingual signs above the aisles. 3.4. Technology Welsh is increasingly visible on the internet. On Facebook there are over 300 Welsh-medium groups, and on Twitter there are almost 3000 users who regularly tweet in Welsh. According to the website IndigenousTweets.com Welsh is the third most-tweeted minority language after Haitian Creole and Basque. Websites available in Welsh include Google, Mozilla Firefox, Facebook, and the BBC and software include Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, and OpenOffice. The global availability of Welsh media via the net and the added possibility of learning the language on-line complement the furthering of Welsh as a living language.
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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DOROTA BUSZYŃSKA UNIVERSITY OF WRO
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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Page 91 and 92: Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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Page 95 and 96: A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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Page 108 and 109: 106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
Page 110 and 111: 108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
Page 112 and 113: 110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
Page 114 and 115: 112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
Page 116 and 117: 114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
Page 118 and 119: 116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
Page 120 and 121: 118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
Page 122 and 123: 120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
Page 124 and 125: 122 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup nally
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Page 128 and 129: 126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
Page 130 and 131: 128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
Page 132 and 133: 130 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup ings,
Page 134 and 135: 132 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup Kierz
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Page 139 and 140: Welsh language - survival against t
Page 141: Welsh language - survival against t
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Page 177: The status of English lexis in the
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Page 186 and 187: 184 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska 4.2.
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DENISE SCHMANDT-BESSERAT THE UNIVER
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Numeracy before literacy 193 bread,
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Numeracy before literacy 195 tricat
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Numeracy before literacy 197 cordin
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Numeracy before literacy 199 one-to
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AGNIESZKA STĘPKOWSKA POZNAŃ COLLE
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Language shift in the Raeto-Romansh
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ALEKSANDER SZWEDEK SPOŁECZNA AKADE
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More evidence on the primacy of the
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226 Alicja Witalisz such as, for ex
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228 Alicja Witalisz that a category
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230 Alicja Witalisz Taking into acc
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232 Alicja Witalisz 3.2. Semantic r
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234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion a
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KAMILA BINIEK KARKONOSZE STATE HIGH
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Etymological research on the source
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