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142 Rhidian Jones 4. Conclusion Welsh’s future looks brighter today than 50 years ago due to its higher status in Welsh society, wide political support, and its prominence in schools. However there are signs it could cease to be the language of the majority in its traditional heartlands during this century and will become a language spoken by a network of fellow Welsh-speakers, as is the case today in more anglicised parts of Wales. A leading Welsh historian, Geraint H. Jenkins, who describes himself as a “pessimistic realist”, is not hopeful about the long-term future of the language. In 2001 he wrote: “Welsh’s extinction is not imminent. It will not occur as a sudden apocalyptic event – more a case of a tortuous death by a thousand cuts – but its demise is assured (Jenkins 2001: 66). I reluctantly agree with his pessimism; however pessimism regarding the fate of the Welsh language is nothing new and yet the language is still with us, or rather the Welsh people refuse to allow it to die. The language is a vital part of the national identity of Wales, and as long as a feeling of being Welsh exists then I predict that the language will also live. References 2004 Welsh Language Use Survey 2006: Cardiff: Welsh Language Board. Aitchison, John, Harold Carter 1994: A Geography of the Welsh Language 1961–1991. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Jenkins, Geraint H(uw) 2007: A Concise History of Wales. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (Paperback Series: Cambridge Concise Histories). Jenkins, Geraint H. 2001: Terminal Decline: The Welsh language in the twentieth century, North American Journal of Welsh Studies (North American Association for the Study of Welsh Culture and History) 1 (2), 59–67. Jobbins, Siôn T. 2011: The Phenomenon of Welshness. Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. Jones, Hywel 2007: Estimation of the Number of Welsh Speakers in England. Cardiff: Welsh Language Board. Thomas, Brinley 1959: Wales and the Atlantic Economy. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 6, 181–192. Wales’s Population: A Demographic Overview 1971–2005 2006: Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
RICHARD L. LANIGAN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICOLOGY INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. Familiar frustration: The Japanese encounter with Navajo (Diné) “code talkers” in World War II ABSTRACT. After the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor Hawaii, the United States declared war on the Empire of Japan as part of World War II. The War in the Pacific consisted largely of combat at sea and the systematic invasion of Pacific islands. The combat forces on both side of the conflict consisted largely of marines, i.e., sea borne ground soldiers. As in any war situation, communication is a vital element of logistics and is naturally susceptible to ease dropping by enemy soldiers who speak their opponent’s language. While bilingual English-Japanese soldiers were available on both sides, the U.S. Marine Corps had the innovative idea of using a third language to confuse the Japanese. This idea was plausible because of the existence of the Native American ethnic group of the Southwestern United States called Diné, which means simply “human” or “the people”. The more common usage is Navajo, the name given by the invading Spanish in the 17th century. Most Navajo’s are bilingual in American English, many are trilingual in Spanish. The men of this tribe were recruited by the U.S. Marine Signal Corps to develop a code in the Navajo language to use on radio-telephones in combat. This is a story of “familiarity” because Navajo is a tonal language very close in phonology to Japanese, yet utterly incomprehensible, “frustrating” in syntax and semantics to the Japanese ear. This is the first level of the code. The second level consisted of using nouns and verbs used to describe Nature as substitutes for words used to describe soldiers’ ranks, equipment, and relationships. Thus, even a Japanese who spoke Navajo (there were none!) would not understand the message. KEYWORDS. U.S. Marine Signal Corps, code talkers, Japanese, Navajo, tonal languages Introduction Shortly after the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor at Hawaii, the United States declared war on the Empire of Japan as part of World War II. The so-called “War in the Pacific” consisted largely of combat at sea and the systematic invasion of Pacific islands. Ultimately, this “theater of the war” was forever marked by the horrific decision to drop an Atomic Bomb on the Japanese homeland to end the conflict in the Pacific. 1 The combat forces on both sides of the conflict consisted largely of marines, i.e., sea borne ground soldiers. As in any war situation, communication is a vital element of logistics and is naturally susceptible to eaves dropping (listening in) by enemy soldiers who 1 Ironically, the bomb was largely developed at Los Alamos Laboratories, Taos City, New Mexico not far from the Diné homeland. LANGUAGES IN CONTACT 2011
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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DOROTA BUSZYŃSKA UNIVERSITY OF WRO
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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Page 93 and 94: MICHAEL HORNSBY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
Page 95 and 96: A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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Page 108 and 109: 106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
Page 110 and 111: 108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
Page 112 and 113: 110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
Page 114 and 115: 112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
Page 116 and 117: 114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
Page 118 and 119: 116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
Page 120 and 121: 118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
Page 122 and 123: 120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
Page 124 and 125: 122 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup nally
Page 126 and 127: 124 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup When
Page 128 and 129: 126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
Page 130 and 131: 128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
Page 132 and 133: 130 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup ings,
Page 134 and 135: 132 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup Kierz
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Page 139 and 140: Welsh language - survival against t
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Page 182 and 183: 180 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska tifi
Page 184 and 185: 182 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska cate
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Numeracy before literacy 193 bread,
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Numeracy before literacy 195 tricat
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Numeracy before literacy 197 cordin
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Numeracy before literacy 199 one-to
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AGNIESZKA STĘPKOWSKA POZNAŃ COLLE
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Language shift in the Raeto-Romansh
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ALEKSANDER SZWEDEK SPOŁECZNA AKADE
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More evidence on the primacy of the
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226 Alicja Witalisz such as, for ex
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228 Alicja Witalisz that a category
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230 Alicja Witalisz Taking into acc
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232 Alicja Witalisz 3.2. Semantic r
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234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion a
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KAMILA BINIEK KARKONOSZE STATE HIGH
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Etymological research on the source
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