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234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion and suggestions for further research English loan translations constitute a growing category of borrowings in contemporary Polish. In this case, the borrowing method is translation rather than morphemic importation, which seems an easier option for multiword compound expressions. Also, set expressions formed of native linguistic material, even if at first semantically unclear, do not frighten an average user of Polish with their foreignness and are more easily accepted by Poles with little knowledge of English. Rendering foreign expressions by means of native vocabulary seems a successful method for filling lexical gaps in the lexicon of Polish. More research needs to be carried out in the area of loan translations. Related to the issues discussed above is the question of the stages of the institutionalization of loan translations and renditions in the receiving language, such as morpho-semantic innovation (taking over the foreign pattern); formal institutionalization (formal neologism) and semanticization (semantic neologism) (Traugott & Dasher 2005), and finally lexicalization (well-established lexeme) (Bauer 1983). It would also be interesting to carry out a cross-linguistic study incorporating samples of English phraseological calques in other European languages to see how various languages render the same foreign concept using either the processes of importation or substitution of English linguistic material. References Bauer, Laurie 1983: English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Görlach, Manfred (ed.) 2004: English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Grzega, Joachim 2003: Borrowing as a word-finding process in cognitive historical onomasiology. Onomasiology Online 4: 22–42. In: www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega- 1032.pdf ED 09/2011. Haugen, Einar 1950: The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language 26(2): 210–231. Lipka, Leonhard 2002: English Lexicology. Lexical Structure, Word Semantics and Word- Formation. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Elżbieta 1995: Tendencje rozwojowe współczesnych zapożyczeń angielskich w języku polskim [Tendencies in the development of contemporary English borrowings in Polish]. Kraków: Universitas. Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Elżbieta 2004: Polish. In Manfred Görlach (ed.) 2004: English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 213–228. Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Elżbieta 2006: Angielsko-polskie kontakty językowe [English-Polish language contacts]. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Markowski, Andrzej 1992: Nowsze anglicyzmy semantyczne w polszczyźnie [New English semantic loans in Polish]. Poradnik Językowy 4: 156–160. Obara, Jerzy 1989: Teoretyczne problemy kalkowania [Problems in the theory of calques]. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Tournier, Jean 1985: Introduction descriptive à la lexicogénétique de l’anglais contemporain. Paris, Genève: Champion-Slatkine.
English loan translations in Polish – preliminary comments 235 Traugott, Elizabeth, Richard Dasher 2005: Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weinreich, Uriel 1953: Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague: Mouton. Wesołowska, Danuta 1978: Neosemantyzmy współczesnego języka polskiego [Semantic neologisms in contemporary Polish]. Rozprawy Habilitacyjne nr 16. Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Kraków. Winter-Froemel, Esme 2008: Unpleasant, unnecessary, unintelligible? Cognitive and communicative criteria for evaluating borrowings and alternative strategies. In: Roswitha Fisher, Hanna Pułaczewska (eds.) 2008: Anglicisms in Europe. Linguistic Diversity in a Global Context. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 16–41. Witalisz, Alicja 2007a: Anglosemantyzmy w języku polskim – ze słownikiem [English semantic loans in Polish – with a dictionary]. Kraków: Tertium. Witalisz, Alicja 2007b: Anglosemantyzmy jako odzwierciedlenie amerykańskich wpływów kulturowych [English semantic loans as a reflection of American cultural influence]. In: Władysław Chłopicki (ed.) 2007: Komunikacja międzykulturowa: perspektywy badań interdyscyplinarnych [Intercultural communication: perspectives on interdisciplinary studies]. Język a komunikacja 19. Kraków: Tertium, 235–244. Witalisz, Alicja 2009: Czy nowe polskie zestawienia determinatywne powielają wzór angielski? [Do new Polish compounds follow the English morphological pattern?]. In Kazimierz Ożóg (ed.) 2009: Język żyje. Rzecz o wspólczesnej polszczyźnie [Language lives. On contemporary Polish]. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzesowskiego, 87–97. Witalisz, Alicja 2011: Linguistic globalisation – a contribution to linguistic homogenisation or the creation of linguistic difference?. In: Alicja Witalisz (ed.) 2011: Migration, Narration, Communication. Text – Meaning – Context: Cracow Studies in English Language, Literature and Culture. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag, 149–166. Zabawa, Marcin 2004: Nowe zapożyczenia semantyczne w polszczyźnie [New semantic loans in Polish]. Poradnik Językowy 1, 59–67.
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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DOROTA BUSZYŃSKA UNIVERSITY OF WRO
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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MICHAEL HORNSBY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
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A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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104 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen re
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106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
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108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
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110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
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112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
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114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
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116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
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118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
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120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
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122 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup nally
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124 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup When
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126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
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128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
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130 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup ings,
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132 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup Kierz
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Welsh language - survival against t
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The Japanese encounter with Navajo
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ELŻBIETA MAŃCZAK-WOHLFELD JAGIELL
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The status of English lexis in the
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178 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska the
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180 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska tifi
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182 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska cate
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Page 234 and 235: 232 Alicja Witalisz 3.2. Semantic r
Page 239 and 240: KAMILA BINIEK KARKONOSZE STATE HIGH
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