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Spanish pain, el dolor 63
Many cultural psychologists and anthropologists see emotions as scripts or
scenarios (Fehr & Russell 1984; Kövecses 1995; Shweder & Haidt 2004). This
view is shared by Wierzbicka and associates.
Table 1. NSM – a list of semantic primitives (after Wierzbicka 2009: 5)
Substantives
Relational substantives
Determiners
Quantifiers
Evaluators
Descriptors
Mental predicates
Speech
Actions, events, movement, contact
Location, existence
Possession, specification
Life and death
Time
Space
Logical concepts
Intensifier, augmentor
Similarity
I, YOU, SOMEONE, SOMETHING, PEOPLE, BODY
KIND, PART
THIS, THE SAME, OTHER/ELSE
ONE, TWO, MUCH/MANY, SOME, ALL
GOOD, BAD
BIG, SMALL
THINK, KNOW, WANT, FEEL, SEE, HEAR
SAY, WORDS, TRUE
DO, HAPPEN, MOVE, TOUCH
BE (SOMEWHERE), THERE IS
HAVE, BE (SOMEONE/SOMETHING)
LIVE, DIE
WHEN/TIME, NOW, BEFORE, AFTER, FOR SOME TIME,
MOMENT, A LONG TIME, SHORT TIME
WHERE/PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, FAR, NEAR,
SIDE, INSIDE
NOT, MAYBE, CAN, BECAUSE, IF
VERY, MORE
LIKE
In the NSM framework emotions are defined through a prototypical cognitive
scenario (Goddard 1998: 95). It describes the meaning of an emotion via
comparison with typical thoughts a person experiencing such an emotion may
have. As Wierzbicka (1996: 180) writes:
[T]o feel a certain emotion means to feel like a person does who has certain (specifiable)
thoughts characteristic of that particular situation (and to undergo some internal process
because of this). Typically, though not necessarily, these thoughts involve references to
‘doing’ or ‘happening’, to something ‘good’ or ‘bad’, and to ‘wanting’ or ‘not wanting’.
And, importantly, those prototypical scripts “are embedded in, and [are] dependent
on, culture” (Paez & Vergara 1995: 415). They are the result of a society’s history.
As a consequence, that is why we may view emotion terms as “a record of how
earlier generations of speakers of a given language thought about their feelings”
(Besemeres & Wierzbicka 2009: 2).