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222 Aleksander Szwedek – Relations, expressed mostly by verbs and adjectives, are abstract, and can be conceptualized as objects; – Objects are not subject to further metaphorical conceptualization and thus constitute the ultimate source domain. 5. Language acquisition Gentner (1982) and Gentner and Boroditsky (2001) convincingly argue that nouns are acquired before verbs. They offer an analysis of language data, as well as a cognitive explanation. Gentner and Boroditsky call upon earlier experimental research (discussed in the work of Gentner 1982) that showed that nouns predominate in early production and comprehension and children learn object reference readily. What, however, is most interesting for the purposes of the present paper is Gentner’s (1982) explanation in terms of natural partitioning and relational relativity. Referring to natural partitioning, Gentner (1982: 324) wrote that “there are in the experimental flow certain highly cohesive collections of percepts that are universally conceptualized as objects, and … these tend to be lexicalized as nouns across languages. Children learning language have already isolated these cohesive packages – the concrete objects and individuals – from their surroundings”. Furthermore, on relational relativity he argued that “when we conceptualize the perceptual world, the assignment of relational terms is more variable crosslinguistically than that of nominal terms … Predicates show a more variable mapping from concepts to words” (Gentner 1982: 323–325). 6. Final conclusions All of these phenomena indicate the primacy of nouns over verbs, but there is a difference between their role in selectional restrictions, objectification, and language acquisition, on the one hand, and in FSP on the other hand. The former three are based on the cognition of objects in the material world, following the sharp distinction between the material and phenomenological worlds. The latter is a context sensitive phenomenon affecting concrete and abstract nouns alike. I would like to suggest that the FSP behavior is a later development in the history of the language following a primeval distinction between physical and abstract entities, the latter’s conceptualization as physical objects, and then both, physical and abstract entities being represented by nouns. Thus, the reference of abstract nouns is an extension of the reference of the concrete nouns.
More evidence on the primacy of the noun over the verb 223 References Chomsky, Noam A(vram) 1971: Deep structure, surface structure, and semantic interpretation. In: Danny Steinberg, Leon Jakobovits (eds.) 1971: Semantics. An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 183–216. Downing, Angela, Philip Locke 2006 /1992/: English Grammar: A University Course. 2nd ed. Abingdon, New York: Routledge /New York: Prentice Hall/. Fillmore, Charles 1968: The case for case. In: Emmon Bach, Robert T. Harms (eds.) 1968: Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1–88. Fillmore, Charles. 1977: The case for case reopened. In: Peter Cole, Jerrold M. Sadock (eds.) 1977: Syntax and Semantics 8: Grammatical Relations. New York: Academic Press, 59–82. Gentner Dedre, Lera Boroditsky 2001: Individuation, relational relativity and early word learning. In: Melissa Bowerman, Stephen Levinson (eds.) 2001: Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 215–256. Gentner, Dedre 1982: Why nouns are learned before verbs: Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning. In: Stan Kuczaj (ed.) 1982: Language Development 2: Language, Thought and Culture. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 301–334. Horn, Aleksandra 1978: Cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions in English and their Polish equivalents. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University. Jackendoff, Ray 1972: Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Krzeszowski, Tomasz P(aweł) 1997: Angels and Devils in Hell. Elements of Axiology in Semantics. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Energeia. Langacker, Ronald 1986: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar I: Theoretical Foundations. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Lehmann, Christian 1991: Predicate classes and participation. In: Hansjakob Seiler, Waldfried Premper (eds.) 1991: Partizipation. Das sprachliche Erfassen von Schverhalten. Language Universals Series (LUS) 6. Tübingen: Günter Narr, 183–239. Pakosz, Maciej 1981: Prosodic manifestation of the scope of focus in English, Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny 28, 85–99. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik 1985: A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman. Szwedek, Aleksander 1986: Sentence stress and category membership. In: Dieter Kastovsky, Aleksander Szwedek (eds.) 1986: Linguistics across Geographical and Historical Boundaries. In Honour of Jacek Fisiak on the Occasion of His Fiftieth Birthday. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, 1051–1061. Szwedek, Aleksander 1987: The role of category membership in the thematic structure of the sentence. Folia Linguistica XXI, 2–4, 249–259.
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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MICHAEL HORNSBY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
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A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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104 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen re
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106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
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108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
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110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
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112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
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114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
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116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
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118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
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120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
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122 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup nally
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124 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup When
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126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
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128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
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130 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup ings,
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132 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup Kierz
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Welsh language - survival against t
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The Japanese encounter with Navajo
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The status of English lexis in the
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Page 236 and 237: 234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion a
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