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172 Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld dejman 25 DVD 2 dekrepitacja 14 dyktafon 1 delete 14 dyskomfort demo 2 dyskonter 12 denim 12 dyskretyzacja 12 derby 2 dyspeczer 19 design 4 dywersyfikacja 3 designer 5 dżem 1 desktop 13 dżentelman or gentleman desktop publishing 27 dżersej or jersey 8 detektyw 1 dżet 10 detoks dżin or gin 1 developer or deweloper 1 dżingiel or dżingel 11 dewon 21 dżins or jeans 1 dezodorant 7 dżokej 2 dialer 19 dżoker or joker 1 dial-up 21 dżul 7 didżej dżungla 1 digitalizacja or dygitalizacja 6 jacht digitalny 13 jachting 8 digitizer 21 jachtklub 3 dinghy or dinghy 22 jack 32 dingo 5 jackpot 17 DINK 30 jacuzzi 1 dip 14 jamboree 25 dipis or displaced person 31 jam session 10 dirty 26 jankes disc jockey or DJ 4 japiszon 4 disclaimer 29 jard 3 discman 5 Java 2 disco 1 jazz or dżez 2 discount or dyskont 8 jazz-band or dżezbend 3 disengagement 33 jazz-jamboree 15 Disneyland 1 jazzman 5 dixieland 29 jeep or dżip 2 DNA jet 11 dog 19 jet lag 28 dok 8 jet set 21 doker 10 jive 6 dolar jogger 21 dolby 11 jogging 3 domena 1 joint or dżoint 2 domicyl 19 joint venture 22 donut or doughnut 16 jo-jo or jojo 2 door-to-door 25 jonagold 16 doping 6 jonatan 11 DOS 6 jorkszyr 25 dotcom 22 joystick or dżojstik 2 Down 13 juice 20 downhill 21 jukebox 29 download 8 jumbo jet 6 dpi 19 jumper or dżemper 19 drag or drug 6 jumping 22
The status of English lexis in the Polish language 173 drag queen 8 juror 4 drajw or drive 14 juta 11 The answers are striking since they show that there is almost no agreement on the status of lexical items of English origin. All the respondents agreed that there are 15 well-assimilated English borrowings (less than 10 percent of the corpus). If, however, we add those items that were marked as foreign by only one or two students, the number increases to 26 English loans. The reverse observation is also worth noting. No item was considered by everybody to have the status of a foreign word. In very few cases (32 subjects), which means almost all the respondents, indicated such items. What is even more surprising is the fact that some anglicisms which are so well-adapted that they are characterized by Polish flexion, e.g., dryblować, debugować or by Polish derivational suffixes, e.g., dygitalizacja, dygitalny were recognized as foreign words. 6. Conclusions It seems that the theoretical discussion concerning the differences between the discussed terms, which is always needed as it advances sciences, is not related to the distinctions known at least to some specialists or to well-educated Polish native speakers. As mentioned before, this difficulty in distinguishing the two terms: borrowing and foreignism is reflected in the lexicography. Thus, some lexicographers write dictionaries of foreign words and some of borrowings and both types of dictionaries include similar items. This simply implies that the borderline between a borrowing and a foreignism is fuzzy. Kuźniak (2009: 98–120) quotes many definitions of the term foreignism (or to be more precise, reasons for including various items to this category) suggested by different authors of a number of English dictionaries of foreign words and phrases. Sometimes they seem to be controversial. This is to say that dictionary writers take into account, among others, the following factors: an arbitrary or subjective decision to include an item (!), frequency of occurrence, a graphemic criterion (presence of italics), unfamiliarity of a unit, some degree of foreign orthography, pronunciation or flavour, recent adoptions which indicates a diachromic basis (cf. Kuźniak 2009: 101–120). On the other hand, as Kuźniak notices some authors use the same criteria in reference to borrowings. This is, for instance, Helen Boesse’s case (Boesse 1988, quoted after Kuźniak 2009: 121): “The notion of foreignness is presented as taken for granted, which practically leads to the discussion of a wide spectrum of qualitatively different units ranging from those quite well adapted to the English language to others whose presence is rather incidental”.
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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DOROTA BUSZYŃSKA UNIVERSITY OF WRO
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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MICHAEL HORNSBY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
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A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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104 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen re
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106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
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108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
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110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
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112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
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114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
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116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
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118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
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120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
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Page 128 and 129: 126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
Page 130 and 131: 128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
Page 132 and 133: 130 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup ings,
Page 134 and 135: 132 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup Kierz
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Page 139 and 140: Welsh language - survival against t
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Page 147 and 148: The Japanese encounter with Navajo
Page 167 and 168: ELŻBIETA MAŃCZAK-WOHLFELD JAGIELL
Page 169 and 170: The status of English lexis in the
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Page 180 and 181: 178 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska the
Page 182 and 183: 180 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska tifi
Page 184 and 185: 182 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska cate
Page 186 and 187: 184 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska 4.2.
Page 188 and 189: 186 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska Howe
Page 190 and 191: 188 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska desp
Page 193 and 194: DENISE SCHMANDT-BESSERAT THE UNIVER
Page 195 and 196: Numeracy before literacy 193 bread,
Page 197 and 198: Numeracy before literacy 195 tricat
Page 199 and 200: Numeracy before literacy 197 cordin
Page 201 and 202: Numeracy before literacy 199 one-to
Page 203 and 204: AGNIESZKA STĘPKOWSKA POZNAŃ COLLE
Page 205 and 206: Language shift in the Raeto-Romansh
Page 215 and 216: ALEKSANDER SZWEDEK SPOŁECZNA AKADE
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More evidence on the primacy of the
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226 Alicja Witalisz such as, for ex
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228 Alicja Witalisz that a category
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230 Alicja Witalisz Taking into acc
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232 Alicja Witalisz 3.2. Semantic r
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234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion a
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KAMILA BINIEK KARKONOSZE STATE HIGH
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Etymological research on the source
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