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238 Kamila Biniek In the ensuing sections, the descriptive terms, material data and investigative methods will be briefly explained and presented. Finally, the entries which have been considered as disputable in origin will be analyzed with respect to their etymology on the basis of selected dictionaries. 2. Terminology The term borrowing can be understood as Tadeusz Piotrowski (2008: 1) has noticed in various ways, both as a process of transferring certain features from one language to another, as well as products of these processes. In the following study, reference is made mainly to borrowings, which are understood as products. The language which acquires the transferred feature is referred to as the recipient language, whereas the language, from which the lexical item is taken, is called the source language. A word that serves as a model for the loanword is a source word. If the transfer concerns a word, then it is referred to, for example by Martin Haspelmath (2003: 4), as a loanword, synonymously with a borrowing. In this paper, loanwords have been specified in a broad sense, as a general term for both loanwords, which are in some way assimilated in the recipient language, as well as these which are used in their original, non-assimilated form. Borrowings from English are called Anglicisms. The qualification of a word to the class of Anglicisms is done on the basis of qualifications used by the authors of analyzed dictionaries. These were their arbitrary decisions based on their knowledge of the origin of words, accepted methodology and etymological work. The definition of the field of etymology contained in the contemporary Handbook of Linguistics reads that: The field of etymology studies the origin and the earliest meaning of semantic units, i.e., morphemes, words, and phrases. The source (or to use the Greek term, etymon) is the word at the time and in the language in which it emerged, i.e., when and where we can break it down into its constituent parts, understand its formation and the reasons that led to the emergence of its earliest meaning, as well as understand its semantic motivation (Strazny 2005: 305). In practical lexicographical work, etymology is often understood as the source language of a given loanword, included as a specific label in the entry. Lexicographers creating general dictionaries of Polish language or, popular in Poland, dictionaries of foreign words and phrases, face the fact that words are often borrowed through other languages. A lexicographer has to decide which source language, if not any, he wants to show in the entry, on the basis of the available linguistic information. Most authors take the lexical approach towards the etymology of borrowings. According to this approach, discussed among the
Etymological research on the source languages of borrowings in Polish dictionaries 239 others by Małgorzata Witaszek-Samborska (1992: 19), the source language of the borrowings is established on the basis of the direct language from which the word was transferred as being the last link in the borrowing chain. Others take the so-called morphological approach and establish the etymology of a given loanword considering morphological and semantic features of its stem. The differences outlined above will be presented and illustrated with examples in Section 3. 3. The material and methodology The lexicographic material used for the purpose of analysis constituted the lists of entries excerpted from nine dictionaries of foreign words and Polish language and a list of Anglicisms from the publication of Elżbieta Mańczak- Wohlfeld (2006). These materials had been described in more detail in my Master’s thesis and shortly in an article “Selected Anglicisms in dictionaries of Polish (entries G–N)” published by Higher School of Philology Press (Jeleńska 2011). Table 1 lists these dictionaries, providing the number of overall entries that they contain and the number of entries in the samples which have been analyzed. Table 1. Dictionaries containing extracted numbers of entries The dictionary Entries in dictionaries Entries in samples SWO Arct 33 000 442 ESWO Trzaski 53 000 839 SJP Dor 125 000 563 SWO PWN Tok 27 000 607 SJP PWN Szym 80 000 767 SWJP Wilga Dun 62 000 231 WSWO PWN Bań 40 000 981 USJP PWN Dub 100 000 769 APKJ Mańczak 1 793 483 SGJP Sal 180 000 910 The data from each of the dictionaries mentioned in Table 1 were collected manually and placed in an Excel spreadsheet. The main headers of the columns contained the names of the dictionaries in the order mentioned in Table 1; the two sub-columns of each dictionary were intended for the entry itself and the etymological information about it. A single row was reserved for the same entry, together with its etymological information, which was considered an Anglicism in at least one dictionary. If an entry was found only in one dictionary, the row contained only this one record. If a given entry was found in two or more dictionaries, the row contained two or more records. Such a form of the spread-
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Languages in Contact 2011
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Zdzisław Wąsik Piotr P. Chruszcze
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Table of contents ELŻBIETA ADAMCZY
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ELŻBIETA ADAMCZYK ADAM MICKIEWICZ
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On the fate of the s-stems in West
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28 Andrei A. Avram sopp’s Diction
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30 Andrei A. Avram [23] bubby ‘wo
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32 Andrei A. Avram cattar 1881 (Win
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34 Andrei A. Avram wha make dem no
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36 Andrei A. Avram me takee 1802 (W
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38 Andrei A. Avram [139] say (compl
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40 Andrei A. Avram Table 4. The per
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42 Andrei A. Avram reclassified as
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44 Andrei A. Avram Schneider, Edgar
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46 Gabriela Brozbă most likely to
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48 Gabriela Brozbă whereas a schwa
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50 Gabriela Brozbă can be seen in
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52 Gabriela Brozbă The data provid
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54 Gabriela Brozbă Rooy and Van Hu
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56 Gabriela Brozbă phonemes. Two a
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58 Gabriela Brozbă These monophtho
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60 Gabriela Brozbă References Boer
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62 Zuzanna Bułat Silva tions on le
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64 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 3. The lexe
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66 Zuzanna Bułat Silva your pain a
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68 Zuzanna Bułat Silva 4.3. Dolor
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70 Zuzanna Bułat Silva Dolor as in
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DOROTA BUSZYŃSKA UNIVERSITY OF WRO
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Laughing at or with? Humor as no la
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MICHAEL HORNSBY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
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A posthumous life for Yiddish? The
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104 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen re
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106 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen [2
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108 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen pr
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110 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen 3.
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112 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ta
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114 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen So
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116 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen or
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118 Pablo Irizarri van Suchtelen Ha
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120 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup persi
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122 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup nally
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124 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup When
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126 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup of th
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128 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup w pew
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130 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup ings,
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132 Katarzyna Jaworska-Biskup Kierz
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RHIDIAN JONES CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY O
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Welsh language - survival against t
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RICHARD L. LANIGAN INTERNATIONAL CO
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The Japanese encounter with Navajo
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ELŻBIETA MAŃCZAK-WOHLFELD JAGIELL
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The status of English lexis in the
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178 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska the
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180 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska tifi
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182 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska cate
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184 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska 4.2.
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186 Katarzyna Molek-Kozakowska Howe
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Page 234 and 235: 232 Alicja Witalisz 3.2. Semantic r
Page 236 and 237: 234 Alicja Witalisz 5. Conclusion a
Page 239: KAMILA BINIEK KARKONOSZE STATE HIGH
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