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The distribution of diagnostic features in English-lexified contact languages 35
he neber know nothing ’t all about he 1854 (Wilkins 1854: 74)
‘he never knows anything about him’
[198] he (3SG POSS):
Me tell he mammy and he daddy 1825/1826 (Winer 1984: 194)
‘I told his mother and his father’
[199] him (3SG POSS)*
hold him two ear 1827 (Winer 1993: 79)
‘I held him by both his ears’
[200] him (3SG)*
Him imp’rence feller 1827 (Winer 1993: 79)
‘He’s an impudent fellow’
[201] lick ‘flog’:
she go lick her again 1825/1826 (Carmichael 1833, Vol. 2: 147)
‘she will flog her again’
[202] lili ‘little’:
lilly 1847 (Winer 2009: 531)
[203] little bit ‘slightly’*
when he come little bit lower down 1853 (Winer 1993: 89)
‘when he came slightly lower’
once you lily bit white 1853 (Winer 1993: 90)
‘once you are slightly white’
[205] make (causative/imperative):
make him say who handkerchief it be 1825/1826 (Carmichael 1833, Vol. 2: 159)
‘let him say whose handkerchief it is’
[206] make haste ‘hurry’*
Mek ees bifor ah wi riitsch tu leet. 2003 (Seeliger-Mander and Mander 2003: 32)
‘Hurry up or we will be too late’
[207] -man (agentive suffix):
carter man 1939 (Winer 2009: 563)
[208] me (1SG):
me 1802 (Winer 2009: 591)
[209] me (1SG POSS):
For you me … sell me tannia 1827 (Winer 1993: 80)
‘I sold my tannia for you’
[211] more better:
mo bettar / mo betta 1904 (Winer 2009: 608)
[212] most ‘almost’*
In George Street most anything lies in the drains 1952 (Allsopp 1996: 388)
In George Street almost anything lies in the drains’
[213] NP1NP2 (possessive N1’SN2)
Buckra servant 1827 (Winer 1993: 79)
‘white man’s servant’
[215] no (negator):
me no care 1802 (Winer 1993: 67)
‘I don’t care’
[218] one (indefinite article):
D. was one very bad pic-a-ninny 1825/1826 (Carmichael 1833, Vol. 2: 140)
‘D. was a very bad child’
[219] one time ‘(at) once’:
one time 1904 (Winer 2009: 651)
[220] paragogic vowels: