Fungal Diversity ing between and above the asci (Fig. 92d, e and f). Asci 100–145×15–17 μm (x ¼ 118 15:5mm, n=10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a short, thick, furcate pedicel which is 12–30 μm long, with a truncate ocular chamber (Fig. 92d, e, f, g and i). Ascospores 27.5–32.5×7.5–8.5 μm (x ¼ 29:5 8mm, n=10), biseriate to uniseriate near the base, fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, dark brown, 1–3-septate, secondary septum forming late or often absent, constricted at the median septum, the upper cell often shorter and broader than the lower one, smooth to finely verruculose, containing refractive globules (Fig. 92j and k). Anamorph: Only hyphopodia-like structures (or conidia?) observed (Zhang et al. 2008a). Colonies (of epitype) reaching 5 cm diam. after 20 days growth on MEA at 25°C, raised, woolly, deep grey, with irregular to rhizoidal margin, reverse darkened. Hyphopodialike structures (or conidia?) produced after 6 months, hyaline to pale brown, lobed, 4–4.5(−5) μm long and 3–3.5 μm diam. Material examined: EUROPE, Upsala, on decaying wood, designated by Boise (1985), (L-Pers 910269–172, as Sphaeria pertusa Pers., neotype); FRANCE, Deux Sèvres, Sansais, Le Vanneau, Les Grandes Mottines, swamp, on bark of a dead stump of Fraxinus excelsior, 25 Apr. 2004, J. Fournier (IFRD 2002, epitype); Haute Garonne, Avignonet, Canal du Midi, on submerged wood of Platanus in a canal, 23 Nov. 2006, Michel Delpont, det. J. Fournier (IFRD2003). Notes Morphology Trematosphaeria was formally established in ‘Rhenish fungi’ by Fuckel (1870) based on the broadly pertuse ascomata, and Fries (1823) assigned it under Ascomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Lophiostomataceae. Subsequently, Winter (1885) placed Trematosphaeria in Amphisphaeriaceae. Berlese (1890), however, treated Trematosphaeria as a synonym of Melanomma (Melanommataceae). After establishment of Loculoascomycetes (Luttrell 1955), Trematosphaeria was assigned to Pleosporaceae (Loculoascomycetes, <strong>Pleosporales</strong>) (Holm1957), and this was followed by von Arx and Müller (1975). Trematosphaeria was assigned to Melanommataceae by Barr (1979a), and this has been widely followed (Eriksson 2006; Kirketal.2001; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007). Trematosphaeria pertusa, the lectotype species of Trematosphaeria (Clements and Shear 1931), is characterized by having semi-immersed to erumpent ascomata, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, cylindro-clavate asci, fusoid, 1-septate reddish brown to dark brown ascospores (Zhang et al. 2008a). All of these characters are quite different from those of Melanomma, the familial type of Melanommataceae. Fig. 91 Sporormia fimetaria (from RO, type). a Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. Note the scattered distribution. b–d Broad cylindrical asci with a short and thick pedicel. e Released filiform ascospores which may break up into part spores. Scale bars: a=0.5 mm, b–d=20 μm, e=10 μm Phylogenetic study Trematosphaeria pertusa forms a robust phylogenetic clade with Falciformispora lignatilis and Halomassarina thalassiae, and they are all assigned to Trematosphaeriaceae (Suetrong et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2009a; Plate 1). Concluding remarks Trematosphaeria pertusa is a terrestrial species which can also survive in a freshwater environment. However, both Falciformispora lignatilis and Halomassarina thalassiae are marine fungi. Their habitat difference may indicate their distant relationship, at least above genus level. Verruculina Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 689 (1990). (Testudinaceae) Generic description Habitat marine, saprobic. Ascomata medium-sized, solitary under clypeate, immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to depressed ellipsoidal, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate, black, carbonaceous. Peridium thin, comprising a few layers of cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, septate and sparsely branching. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with short pedicels, ocular chamber not observed. Ascospores biseriate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, verrucose or verruculose, with or without germ pore. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1990; Suetrong et al. 2009. Type species Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 94: 689 (1990). (Fig. 93) ≡ Didymosphaeria enalia Kohlm., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 79: 28 (1966). Ascomata 295–480 μm high×140–520 μm diam., solitary under clypeate, immersed to semi-immersed, subglobose to depressed ellipsoidal, ostiolate, papillate, periphysate, black, carbonaceous. Peridium thin, comprising a few layers of cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of long cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 μm broad, embedded in mucilage, hyaline, septate and sparsely branching. Asci 177–135×12.5–15.5 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with short furcate pedicels, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. 93a). b
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