Fungal Diversity Fig. 98 Javaria samuelsii (from isotype). a Ascoma on the host surface. Note reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue. b, c Cylindro-clavate asci within narrow pseudoparaphyses in gelatinous matrix. d Released ascospore with sheath. Scale bars: a=1 mm, b=50 μm, c, d=20 μm Aspergillaceae (= Eurotiaceae), and Stolk (1955b) has proposed to assign the morphologically comparable species P. multispora Saito & Minoura ex Cain to Eurotiaceae as well. Cain (1961), however, suspected that the 32 asco-
Fungal Diversity spores are actually the disarticulated segments of eight 4- celled ascospores, thus assigned it under Preussia (Sporormiaceae). After detailed study, Thompson and Backus (1966) confirmed that the so-called “eight 4-celled ascospores” do not exist in the development of the asci in both P. dispersa and P. multisporum. Thus, Pycnidiophora was assigned to Eurotiaceae (Eurotiales) (Thompson and Backus 1966). Phylogenetic study Phylogenetic study based on the ITS-nLSU rDNA sequences indicated that Pycnidiophora dispersa nested within clade of Westerdykella (including the generic type, W. ornata) (Kruys and Wedin 2009). Morphologically, both genera have cleistothecioid ascomata, asci with short or without pedicels and ascospores 1-celled and no germ slits. Thus, Pycnidiophora is treated as a synonym of Westerdykella (Kruys and Wedin 2009). Concluding remarks Although the pleosporalean status of Pycnidiophora is verified, morphological characters such as the cleistothecioid ascomata and irregularly arranged asci, which do not show typical bitunicate or fissitunicate characters, absence of pseudoparaphyses as well as the ascospores separating into partspores very early all challenge the traditional concept of <strong>Pleosporales</strong> (Zhang et al. 2009a). Obviously, most of these morphological characters overlap with those of the Eurotiales. Sporormiella Ellis & Everh., N. Amer. Pyren.: 136 (1892). (Sporormiaceae) Current name: Preussia Fuckel, Hedwigia 6: 175 (1867) [1869–70]. Generic description Habitat terrestrial, saprobic (coprophilous). Ascomata medium-sized, solitary, scattered, or in small groups, semi-immersed to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose, black, coriaceous, ostiolate, periphysate. Peridium thin, composed of small heavily pigmented cells of textura angularis, apex cells smaller and walls thicker. Hamathecium of dense, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate, with a narrowed, furcate pedicel. Ascospores cylindrical with rounded ends, brown, 3-septate, deeply constricted at each septa, with sigmoid germ slit in each cell. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Ahmed and Cain 1972; Ellis and Everhart 1892; Khan and Cain 1979a, b; Luck-Allen and Cain 1975. Type species Sporormiella nigropurpurea Ellis & Everh., N. Amer. Pyren.: 136 (1892). (Fig. 100) Current name: Preussia nigropurpurea (Ellis & Everh.) Kruys, Syst. Biod. 7: 476. Ascomata 314–528 μm high×(250-)357–500 μm diam., solitary, scattered, or in small groups, immersed, semiimmersed to nearly superficial, globose, subglobose, wall black, coriaceous, smooth, papillate, papilla 43–115 μm long, 72–157 μm broad, ostiolate, ostiole filled with periphyses (Fig. 100a and b). Peridium 20–28 μm thick laterally, up to 40 μm thick at the apex, composed of small heavily pigmented cells of textura angularis, cells 5–8 μm diam., cell wall 1–3 μm thick, apex cells smaller and walls thicker (Fig. 100c). Hamathecium of dense, long, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, 1.5–2 μm broad, embedded in mucilage. Asci (70-)110–158×9–12.5(−15) μm (x ¼ 114:3 11:1mm, n= 10), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylindroclavate, with a narrowed, furcate pedicel, 13–38 μm long, ocular chamber apparent (Fig. 100d and e). Ascospores 15– 20×4–5.5 μm (x ¼ 17:3 4:9mm, n=10), obliquely uniseriate and partially overlapping to biseriate, shortly cylindrical with rounded ends, brown, 3-septate, deeply constricted at each septum, with sigmoid germ slit in each cell, smoothwalled (Fig. 100f and g). Anamorph: none reported. Material examined: USA, New field, New Jersey: Gloucester Co., on cow dung, Mar. 1891 (NY, holotype). Notes Morphology Sporormiella was formally established by Ellis and Everhart (1892) based on the single species, Sporormiella nigropurpurea, which is characterized by its “immersed to semi-immersed, papillate ascomata, cylindrical to cylindroclavate asci with a pedicel, three to multi-septate ascospores with elongated germ slits through the whole cell” (Ahmed and Cain 1972; Khan and Cain 1979a, b). Barr (1990a) has indicated that Sporormiella might be a synonym of Ohleriella, while Sporormiella is assigned to Sporormiaceae as a separate genus (Eriksson 2006; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007). Currently, about 90 species are included in this genus (http://www.mycobank.org). Phylogenetic study The phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-nLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA and ß-tubulin sequences indicated that Sporormiella nested in Preussia,andaSporormiella–Preussia complex is formed (Kruys and Wedin 2009). Thus, Sporormiella was assigned under Preussia (Kruys and Wedin 2009).
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