Pleosporales - CBS - KNAW

Fungal Diversity
biocontrol agent of weeds (Neumann and Boland 2002).
Ascochyta rabiei is a devastating disease of chickpea in
most of the chickpea producing countries (Saxena and
Singh 1987).
Leptosphaeriaceae
The anamorphic stages of Leptosphaeriaceae can be
Coniothyrium, Phoma, Plenodomus and Pyrenochaeta. All
are coelomycetous anamorphs, and they may have phialidic
or annellidic conidiogenous cells. Phoma heteromorphospora
Aa & Kesteren, the type species of Phoma sect.
Heterospora and Coniothyrium palmarum, the generic type
of Coniothyrium, reside in Leptosphaeriaceae (de Gruyter
et al. 2009).
Pleosporaceae
Various anamorphic types can occur in Pleosporaceae,
which can be coelomycetous or hyphomycetous, and the
ontogeny of conidiogenous cells can be phialidic, annellidic
or sympodial blastic. Both Ascochyta caulina and Phoma
betae belong to Pleosporaceae (de Gruyter et al. 2009).
Some species of Bipolaris and Curvularia are anamorphs
of Cochliobolus. Many species of these two
genera cause plant disease or even infect human beings
(Khan et al. 2000). They are hyphomycetous anamorphs
with sympodial proliferating conidiogenous cells, and
pigmented phragmosporous poroconidia. The generic type
of Lewia (L. scrophulariae) is linked with Alternaria
conjuncta E.G. Simmons (Simmons 1986), and the
generic type of Pleospora (P. herbarum) is linked with
Stemphylium botryosum Sacc. (Sivanesan 1984). Both
Alternaria and Stemphylium are hyphomycetous anamorphs
characterized by pigmented, muriform conidia that develop
at a very restricted site in the apex of distinctive conidiophores
(Simmons 2007).
The generic type of Pleoseptum (P. yuccaesedum) is
linked with Camarosporium yuccaesedum (Ramaley and
Barr 1995), the generic type of Macrospora (M. scirpicola)
with Nimbya scirpicola (Fuckel) E.G. Simmons (Simmons
1989), and the generic type of Setosphaeria (S. turcica)
with Drechslera turcica (Pass.) Subram. & B.L. Jain
(Sivanesan 1984). Pyrenophora has the anamorphic stages
of Drechslera, and the anamorphic stage of Wettsteinina
can be species of Stagonospora (Farr et al. 1989).
Most common anamorphs in Pleosporaceae are Alternaria,
Bipolaris, Phoma-like and Stemphylium, and they
can be saprobic or parasitic on various hosts. Phoma betae
A.B. Frank is a notorious pathogen on sugar beet, which
causes zonate leaf spot or Phomopsis of sugar beet.
Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif., Stemphylium solani G.F.
Weber, S. botryosum and S. vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G.
Simmons can cause leaf blight of garlic (Zheng et al.
2009). Phoma incompta Sacc. & Martelli is a pathogen on
olive, and Stemphylium botryosum, the anamorph of
Pleospora herbarum, causes leaf disease of olive trees
(Malathrakis 1979).
Phaeosphaeriaceae
The type species of Phoma sect. Paraphoma (Phoma
radicina (McAlpine) Boerema) as well as several pathogens
on Gramineae, i.e. Stagonospora foliicola (Bres.) Bubák, S.
neglecta var. colorata and Wojnowicia hirta Sacc.belongto
Phaeosphaeriaceae (de Gruyter et al. 2009). Other anamorphs
reported for Phaeosphaeriaceae are Amarenographium,
Ampelomyces, Chaetosphaeronema, Coniothyrium,
Hendersonia, Neosetophoma, ?Parahendersonia, Paraphoma,
Phaeoseptoria, Rhabdospora, Scolecosporiella, Setophoma,
Sphaerellopsis and Tiarospora.
These anamorphic fungi can be saprobic, but mostly
pathogenic on herbaceous plants. For instance, Stagonospora
foliicola and Coniothyrium concentricum (Desm.)
Sacc. can cause leaf spots on herbaceous plants (Zeiders
1975), and Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. is a hyperparasite
of powdery mildews.
Pleosporales suborder Massarineae
Massarineae species are mostly saprobic in terrestrial or
aquatic environments. Five families are currently included
within Massarineae, viz. Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae,
Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae.
Anamorphs of the five families are summarized as
follows.
Lentitheciaceae
Stagonospora macropycnidia Cunnell nests within the
clade of Lentitheciaceae (Plate 1). A relatively broad genus
concept of Stagonospora is currently accepted, which
comprises parasitic or saprobic taxa. Keissleriella cladophila
(Niessl) Corbaz is another species nesting within
Lentitheciaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a), and is linked with
Dendrophoma sp., which has branching conidiogenous
cells, and 1-celled, hyaline conidia (Bose 1961; Sivanesan
1984).
Massarinaceae
A relatively narrow concept tends to be accepted for
Massarinaceae, which seems only to comprise limited
species such as Byssothecium circinans, Massarina eburnea,
M. cisti S.K. Bose, M. igniaria (C. Booth) Aptroot
(anamorph: Periconia igniaria E.W. Mason & M.B. Ellis)
and Neottiosporina paspali (G.F. Atk.) B. Sutton & Alcorn
(Zhang et al. 2009a; Plate 1). Similarly, a relatively narrow
generic concept of Massarina was accepted, containing
only M. eburnea and M. cisti (Zhang et al. 2009b), and both
species have been linked with species of Ceratophoma
(Sivanesan 1984).