Fungal Diversity Fig. 18 Calyptronectria platensis (from LPS 1209, holotype). a Appearance of ascomata scattered in the substrate (after removing the out layer of the substrate). Note the protruding papilla. b Section of an ascoma. c Section of the partial peridium. Note the lightly pigmented trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and hyaline, muriform ascospores as well as its peridium that turns reddish brown in KOH (Rossman et al. 1999) (not shown here). Subsequently, C. indica Dhaware was introduced from India, and Barr (1983) transferred Teichospora ohiensis Ellis & Everh. to Calyptronectria as C. ohiensis (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr. However, this proposal is inappropriate as the type specimen of T. ohiensis is “unitunicate” (Barr 1983; Rossman et al. 1999). Subsequently, Rossman et al. (1999) transferred pseudoparenchymatous cells. d Released ascospores with mucilaginous sheath. e Eight-spored asci in hamathecium and embedded in gel matrix. f Ascus with a short pedicel. Scale bars: a=0.5 mm, b= 100 μm, c=50 μm, d–f=10 μm Calyptronectria ohiensis to Thyridium (as T. ohiense (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman & Samuels). Phylogenetic study None. Concluding remarks The immersed ascomata, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci, hyaline and muriform ascospores as well as
Fungal Diversity the reaction of peridium to KOH (turns reddish brown) make it distinguishable from all other reported genera (Rossman et al. 1999). Thus Calyptronectria is a morphologically well defined genus. Carinispora K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110: 97 (1992). (<strong>Pleosporales</strong>, genera incertae sedis) Generic description Habitat marine, saprobic. One or two ascomata per stroma. Ascomata scattered or in small groups, developing beneath the host epidermis, erumpent, lenticular, ostiolate, lacking periphyses. Peridium pale brown, composed of thin-walled elongated cells at the sides and thick-walled cells of textura epidermoidea at the base. Hamathecium of dense, long filliform pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci, rarely septate. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, apex with an ocular chamber and apical ring. Ascospores biseriate, narrowly fusoid, yellow to pale brown, multi-septate, constricted at the septa, the two central cells being the largest, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Hyde 1992a, 1994b. Type species Carinispora nypae K.D. Hyde, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 110: 99 (1992). (Fig. 19) One or two ascomata per stroma. Ascomata up to 0.8 mm diam., scattered or in small groups, developing beneath the host epidermis, crust-like, as circular spots, wall brown, with a small central ostiole, in section 225–285 μm high×510– 750 μm diam., lenticular, ostiolar canal lacking periphyses (Fig. 19a and b). Peridium 35–45 μm wide at sides, pale brown, at sides composed of a thin layer of thin-walled elongate cells, fusing with the stromatic tissue and host cells, at the base composed of thick-walled cells, forming a textura epidermoidea and fusing with host cells. A wedge of pale brown hyphae forming a textura porrecta is present at the rim (Fig. 19c). Hamathecium of dense, long filliform pseudoparaphyses 1–3 μm broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing between and above the asci, rarely septate. Asci 142–207×14.2–19.8 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical, with a furcate pedicel, up to 40 μm long, apex with an ocular chamber and apical ring (to 2 μm wide×3 μm high, J-), developing from ascogenous tissue at the base of the ascocarp (Fig. 19d, e, f, g and h). Ascospores 42–66×7–10.6 μm, biseriate, narrowly fusoid with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, somewhat curved, yellow to pale brown, yellow in mass, 7-8-septate, constricted at the septa, the two central cells being the largest, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath; the sheath has a central “spine” and curved polar extrusions (Fig. 19i and j). Anamorph: none reported. Material examined: BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, Tungit Api Api mangrove, from decaying intertidal fronds of Nypa fruticans Wurmb., 14 Apr. 1987, K.D. Hyde (BRIP 17106, holotype). Notes Morphology Carinispora is distinguished from Phaeosphaeria by its saprobic life style and lenticular ascomata formed under the host epidermis, peridium structure and sheath surrounding the ascospores (Hyde 1992a, 1994b). Two species were reported, i.e. C. nypae and C. velatispora K.D. Hyde. Phylogenetic study Suetrong et al. (2009) could not resolve Carinispora nypae in a phylogeny based on four genes. Concluding remarks Both Carinispora nypae and C. velatispora are reported as marine fungi, which should be taken into consideration for their familial placement. Caryosporella Kohlm., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 94: 355 (1985). (?Melanommataceae) Generic description Habitat marine, saprobic. Ascomata densely scattered or gregarious, superficial, subglobose, black, papillate, ostiolate, periphysate, carbonaceous. Peridium carbonaceous. Hamathecium of dense, long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing and branching above the asci. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical. Ascospores ellipsoidal to broadly fusoid with narrowly hyaline rounded ends, deep reddish brown, thickwalled, 1-septate with hyaline germ pore at each end. Anamorphs reported for genus: suspected spermatia (Kohlmeyer 1985). Literature: Eriksson 2006; Kohlmeyer 1985; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007. Type species Caryosporella rhizophorae Kohlm., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. Sci. 94: 356 (1985). (Fig. 20) Ascomata 0.8–1.1 mm high×0.9–1.2 mm diam., densely scattered or gregarious, superficial with a flattened base, not easily removed from the host surface, subglobose, black, short
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Fungal Diversity 1987b). Based on a
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Fungal Diversity Winter G (1887) As