Fungal Diversity long furcate pedicels. Ascospores fusoid to narrowly fusoid, light to dark brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Chesters and Bell 1970; Huhndorf 1993; Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b; Müller and von Arx 1962; Stevens 1925. Type species Xenolophium leve Syd., Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 19: 97 (1925) (Fig. 97) Current name: Xenolophium applanatum (Petch) Huhndorf, Mycologia 85: 493 (1993). ≡ Schizostoma applanatum Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 6: 231 (1916). Ascomata 1–1.5 mm diam., scattered to clustered, erumpent to superficial, globose with base immersed in host tissue, wall black, carbonaceous, roughened with ridges, papillate. Apex with a conspicuous hysteriform papilla extending on the sides, 1–1.4 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm wide, 0.2–0.3 mm high, smooth, ostiole slit-like, nearly as long as papilla length (Fig. 97a). Peridium 140–160 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of two distinct layers: outer crust 16–45 μm thick, blackish, of heavily melanized, nearly opaque thick-walled angular cells, of uneven thickness forming irregular strands extending into the inner layer; inner layer subhyaline, composed of thick-walled prismatic to angular cells, with columns or patches of darker thick-walled cells extending inwardly from the outer layer; papilla wall 200–220 μm thick, of heavily melanized angular thick-walled cells (Fig. 97b and c). Hamathecium of dense, very long trabeculate pseudoparaphyses 0.8–1.5 μm broad, embedded in mucilage, anastomosing and branching between and above the asci. Asci 104–152× 9–12 μm (excluding pedicel) (x ¼ 149 10:2mm, n=10), 8- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, clavate, with a long, narrowed, furcate pedicel which is 50– 75 μm long (Fig. 97d). Ascospores 17–26×4–5.5 μm (x ¼ 22:5 4:8mm, n=10), upper biseriate and lower uniseriate, fusoid, straight to slightly curved, equally 1-septate, constricted at the septum, the upper cell slightly wider, with one or rarely two additional septa appearing on a small number of senescent ascospores, pale brown, median septum darker, constricted, smooth, without sheath or appendages (Fig. 97e, f and g). Anamorph: none reported. Material examined: MARTINIQUE, Morne Rouge, on rotten wood, leg C. Lécuru, det Jacques Fournier, 29 Aug. 2007, IFRD 2038. Notes Morphology Xenolophium was formally established by Sydow (in Stevens 1925) to accommodate two species, i.e. X. leve and X. verrucosum, ofwhichX. leve is selected as the generic type (Huhndorf 1993). Because of its morphological similarity with some genera, such as Ostropella and Schizostoma, Xenolophium has been treated as a synonym of Ostropella (Müller and von Arx 1962)orevenofLophiostoma (Chesters and Bell 1970). Huhndorf (1993) clarified the circumscription of Xenolophium and treated X. leve as a synonym of Schizostoma applanata. Xenolophium mainly differs from Ostropella in lack of “organized cell composition and triangular pattern of melanization” in the peridium (Huhndorf 1993). Phylogenetic study The polyphyletic nature of Xenolophium has been demonstrated (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b). The generic type of Xenolophium (X. leve, current name X. applanatum) clustered together with Ostropella albocincta (generic type of Ostropella), and both locate in Platystomaceae (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b). Concluding remarks The large ascomata with slit-like ostioles, hamathecium of numerous and trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, clavate asci with long pedicels, and the pale brown, 1-septate ascospores of Xenolophium leve are all comparable with those of Ostropella albocincta. However, the phylogenetic results do not support them being congeneric (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b). Synonyms Javaria Boise, J.R., Acta Amazonica 14(Supl.): 50 (1984). (Melanommataceae) Current name: Astrosphaeriella Syd. & P. Syd., Annls mycol. 11: 260 (1913). Generic description Habitat terrestrial, saprobic. Ascomata medium-sized, scattered, erumpent to nearly superficial, reflexed pieces of the ruptured host tissue usually persisting around the surface of the ascomata; ascomata broadly conical, with a flattened base not easily removed from the substrate, wall black, papillate. Peridium carbonaceous. Hamathecium of trabeculate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate to narrowly fusoid, with a short, narrowed, furcate pedicel. Ascospores elongate-fusoid, hyaline, 1-septate, constricted at the septum. Anamorphs reported for genus: none. Literature: Barr 1990a; Boise 1984. Type species Javaria samuelsii Boise, J.R., Acta Amazonica 14(Supl.): 50 (1984) (Fig. 98)
Fungal Diversity Fig. 96 Wilmia brasiliensis (from UB Col. Microl 8438, holotype). a Section of an ascoma. Note the setae in the ostiole. b Conidioma of the coelomycetous anamorphic stage. c, d Clavate asci with short furcate pedicels. e, f Released 1-septate pale brown ascospores. Scale bars: a, b=100 μm, c, d=20 μm, e, f=10 μm
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Fungal Diversity DOI 10.1007/s13225
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Fungal Diversity Table 1 Major circ
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