Pleosporales - CBS - KNAW

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Fungal Diversity pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate asci with a short pedicel, fusoid, hyaline, 1-septate ascospores surrounded with a sheath, and with a Tetraploa-like anamorph (Tanaka et al. 2009). Together with Tetraplosphaeria, Pseudotetraploa, Quadricrura and Polyplosphaeria, Triplosphaeria was assigned to the Tetraplosphaeriaceae (Tanaka et al. 2009). Ulospora D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan., in Hawksworth, Can. J. Bot. 57: 96 (1979). Type species: Ulospora bilgramii (D. Hawksw., C. Booth & Morgan-Jones) D. Hawksw., Malloch & Sivan., Can. J. Bot. 57: 96 (1979). Ulospora was introduced as a monotypic genus to accommodate taxa of Testudinaceae whose ascospore has 3–6 fissures (Hawksworth 1979). Genera of Testudinaceae are distinguished based on the morphology of ascospores, although the validity of this classification needs to be confirmed by molecular study. DNA sequence based phylogenies placed sequences from an unverified culture of U. bilgramii in a clade together with Verruculina enalia, and Lepidosphaeria nicotiae and it may have a close relationship to species in Platystomaceae (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b; Schoch et al. 2009; Plate 1). Zopfia Rabenh., Fungi europ. exsicc.: no. 1734 (1874). Type species: Zopfia rhizophila Rabenh., Fungi europ. exsicc.: no. 1734 (1874). Zopfia was introduced by Rabenhorst (1874) as a monotypic genus (typified by Z. rhizophila), and it was assigned to the Perisporiaceae by Saccardo (1882) and Winter (1884). Arnaud (1913) described the Zopfiaceae to accommodate Zopfia, and considered that it should be excluded from the Perisporiaceae. A relatively broad generic concept was accepted by Hawksworth and Booth (1974), in which they take the ascospore size and ornamentation variation as criteria under generic rank classification, and they treat Celtidia, Lepidosphaeria, Marchaliella, Neotestudina, Pontoporeia, Pseudophaeotrichum, Rechingeriella, Richonia and Testudina as synonyms of Zopfia. A narrow generic concept was adopted by Hawksworth (1979), and Zopfia is characterized by 1- septate ascospores, which are apiculate at both ends, smooth-walled by light microscope, with minute irregular pitting by SEM, and larger than other species of Zopfia sensu Hawksworth and Booth (1974). Three species were accepted, viz. Z. albiziae Farr, Z. biturbinata (Dur. & Mont.) Malloch & Cain and Z. rhizophila, and they all occur on roots of plants (Hawksworth 1979). DNA sequences from an unverified culture of Zopfia rhizophila placed it in close proximity to species in Delitschiaceae without strong statistical support (Kruys et al. 2006; Schoch et al. 2009; Plate 1). Zopfiofoveola D. Hawksw., Can. J. Bot. 57: 98 (1979). Type species: Zopfiofoveola punctata (D. Hawksw. & C. Booth) D. Hawksw., Can. J. Bot. 57: 98 (1979). ≡ Zopfia punctata D. Hawksw. & C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 153: 23 (1974). Zopfiofoveola was hesitantly separated from Zopfia as a monotypic new genus based on its evenly distributed ornamentation with pale minute pits readily visible under the light microscope, and the more elongate shape and less pronounced apical papilla than those of Zopfia (Hawksworth 1979). The type specimen of this species however, cannot be redescribed, because “the type species is only known from a microscopic preparation obtained from earthworm excrements in Sweden” as has been mentioned by Hawksworth (1979). General discussion Molecular phylogenetic studies based on four to five genes indicate that 20 families should be included in Pleosporales (Schoch et al. 2009; Shearer et al. 2009; Suetrong et al. 2009; Tanaka et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2009a). Together with five unverified families (marked with “?”), 26 families are currently assigned under Pleosporales (Table 4). The Phaeotrichaceae lacks pseudoparaphyses, has cleistothecial ascomata with long setae, and conspicuous ascospores with germ pores at each end. These characters do not agree with the current concept of Pleosporales (Zhang et al. 2009a), and therefore Phaeotrichaceae is excluded from Pleosporales (Table 4). Families in Pleosporales Based on LSU and SSU rDNA, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1 sequence analysis, Pleosporineae is emended, and in this study, seven families are tentatively included, i.e. Cucurbitariaceae, Didymellaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a; Plate1). In this study, Massarineae was emended to accommodate another five families, viz. Lentitheciaceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, Trematosphaeriaceae. The subordinal affinity of other families remained undetermined. Most of the families accepted within Pleosporales received high bootstrap support (Plate 1). The characters used to define a family, however, do not appear to have clear cut boundaries, as the ascomatal and hamathecial characters also seem to be poorly defined in some families. For example, both trabeculate and cellular pseudoparaphyses coexist in the Amniculicolaceae. Pycnidiophora, a genus of Sporormiaceae, has cleistothecial ascomata with spherical asci irregularly arranged in it. Brown phragmosporous ascospores are reported in Amniculicolaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Lophios-
Fungal Diversity tomataceae, Melanommataceae, Montagnulaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae and Pleosporaceae. Similarly muriform ascospores occur in Aigialaceae, Amniculicolaceae, Didymellaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Montagnulaceae, Pleosporaceae and Sporormiaceae. AnamorphsofPleosporales are also variable to a large degree at the family level. Both hyphomycetous and coelomycetous anamorphs co-exist in Didymellaceae, Melanommataceae or Pleosporaceae. Phoma and Phoma-like anamorphs exist in Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporaceae and Melanommataceae (de Gruyter et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2009a). It is clear that some characters, e.g. cleistothecial or perithecial ascomata, shape, colour and septation of ascospores, shape or arrangement (regular or irregular) of asci, or even presence or absence of pseudoparaphyses have evolved on numerous occasions which make the use of morphological characters in segregating families complicated. It is therefore unclear with our present state of knowledge which characters are taxonomically important at the family level or whether a suit of characters are necessary to define a family. DNA sequence comparisons are essential in delineating these taxa in combination with other characters. It is hoped that additional characters, i.e. biochemical, genomic and subcellular will be used to further distinguish these groups into natural taxa. Below we discuss each of the families, their genera and their considered important characteristics. Aigialaceae Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones, Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & C.L. Schoch 2010 The Aigialaceae was introduced by Suetrong et al. (2009) based on its carbonaceous ascomata without papilla, cylindrical asci with apical apparatus, trabeculate pseudoparaphyses and ascospores with a sheath. The type genus (Aigialus) of the Aigialaceae was previously incorporated within the Massariaceae (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007). Currently, three genera are assigned under Aigialaceae, viz. Ascocratera, Aigialus and Rimora (Suetrong et al. 2009). The genera included in Aigialaceae have a wide range of morphological variation, with very few shared features as mentioned above, but all are found in mangrove habitats (Suetrong et al. 2009). The ascospores, however, vary widely from having 1 to 3 transverse septa and being hyaline to muriformly septate and brown (Suetrong et al. 2009). It is still unclear which characters unify the family and therefore placement of unsequenced genera is difficult. Further molecular work is needed to better understand this family. Amniculicolaceae Yin. Zhang, C.L. Schoch, J. Fourn., Crous & K.D. Hyde 2009 Members of Amniculicolaceae form a well supported clade, and all are freshwater fungi which usually stain the woody substrate purple (Zhang et al. 2009a, c). Genera of Amniculicolaceae have ascomata with compressed papilla Table 4 Families currently accepted in Pleosporales (syn. Melanommatales) with included genera Pleosporales subordo. Pleosporineae ?Cucurbitariaceae Cucurbitaria Gray Curreya Sacc. ?Rhytidiella Zalasky Syncarpella Theiss. & Syd. Didymellaceae ?Appendispora K.D. Hyde Didymella Sacc. ex D. Sacc. Didymosphaerella Cooke Leptosphaerulina McAlpine Macroventuria Aa ?Platychora Petr. Didymosphaeriaceae Didymosphaeria Fuckel Phaeodothis Syd. & P. Syd. Dothidotthiaceae Dothidotthia Höhn. Leptosphaeriaceae Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not. Neophaeosphaeria Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley Phaeosphaeriaceae Barria Z.Q. Yuan ?Bricookea M.E. Barr ?Chaetoplea (Sacc.) Clem. ?Eudarluca Speg. Entodesmium Reiss ?Hadrospora Boise Lautitia S. Schatz Loratospora Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. Metameris Theiss. & Syd. Mixtura O.E. Erikss. & J.Z. Yue Nodulosphaeria Rabenh. Ophiobolus Reiss Ophiosphaerella Speg. Phaeosphaeria I. Miyake Phaeosphaeriopsis Câmara, M.E. Palm & A.W. Ramaley Pleoseptum A.W. Ramaley & M.E. Barr Setomelanomma M. Morelet Wilmia Dianese, Inácio & Dornelo-Silva Pleosporaceae Cochliobolus Drechsler Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderbitzin Decorospora Inderbitzin, Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. Extrawettsteinina M.E. Barr Lewia M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons Macrospora Fuckel Platysporoides (Wehm.) Shoemaker & C.E. Babc. Pleospora Rabenh. ex Ces. & De Not. Pseudoyuconia Lar. N. Vasiljeva Pyrenophora Fr. Setosphaeria K.J. Leonard & Suggs Pleosporales subordo. Massarineae Lentitheciaceae Lentithecium K.D. Hyde, J. Fourn. & Yin. Zhang
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Fungal Diversity DOI 10.1007/s13225
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Fungal Diversity Table 1 Major circ
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Fungal Diversity
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Fungal Diversity biocontrol agent o
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Fungal Diversity substrates and man
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Fungal Diversity 2. To investigate
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Fungal Diversity Table 3 (continued
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 2 Aigialus gr
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 3 Amniculicol
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Fungal Diversity Literature: Berkel
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Fungal Diversity Ascorhombispora L.
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 8 Astrosphaer
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 9 Asymmetrico
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Fungal Diversity Notes Morphology B
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Fungal Diversity Generic descriptio
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Fungal Diversity Anamorph: none rep
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 14 Bimuria no
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 15 Bricookea
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 16 Byssolophi
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Fungal Diversity Notes Morphology B
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Fungal Diversity the reaction of pe
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 21 Chaetomast
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 23 Cilioplea
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Fungal Diversity with one or two ve
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Fungal Diversity Moreau 1953; Munk
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Fungal Diversity Material examined:
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 28 Dothidotth
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 29 Dubitatio
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Fungal Diversity assigned Entodesmi
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Fungal Diversity fusoid to somewhat
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 33 Hadrospora
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 34 Halotthia
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Fungal Diversity Notes Morphology H
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Fungal Diversity some effused Hypox
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 38 Isthmospor
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 39 Kalmusia e
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Fungal Diversity ascospores were br
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Fungal Diversity furcate pedicel an
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Fungal Diversity Anamorph: none rep
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 46 Lewia scro
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 47 Lichenopyr
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Fungal Diversity Loculohypoxylon M.
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Fungal Diversity cells small heavil
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Fungal Diversity upper place, septa
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Fungal Diversity
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Fungal Diversity (CBS 627.86) was i
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 54 Mamillisph
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 55 Massarina
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Fungal Diversity phaeria as a synon
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Fungal Diversity 5-8 μm diam., ind
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Fungal Diversity cell wall
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 60 Mixtura sa
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 61 Montagnula
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Fungal Diversity spored, bitunicate
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 64 Murispora
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Fungal Diversity Type species Neoph
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Fungal Diversity brown, 8-septate,
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 68 Ohleria mo
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 69 Ohleriella
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 70 Ophiobolus
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Fungal Diversity Type species Ostro
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Fungal Diversity
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Fungal Diversity (Shoemaker and Bab
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Fungal Diversity ium thin, composed
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 76 Platysporo
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 77 1 Pleomass
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Fungal Diversity Fig. 78 Pleophragm
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Fungal Diversity papillate, ostiola
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Fungal Diversity Williams 1963; Mal
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Page 219 and 220: Fungal Diversity Saccardo PA (1880)
Page 221: Fungal Diversity Winter G (1887) As
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Pleosporales - CBS - KNAW

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