Pleosporales - CBS - KNAW

Fungal Diversity
1987b). Based on a multigene phylogenetic study, the generic
type of Massarina (M. eburnea) together with M. cisti,
Neottiosporina paspali and Byssothecium circinans form a
well supported clade (Zhang et al. 2009a, b). It seems that a
relatively narrow familial concept should be accepted.
Melanommataceae G. Winter 1885
The traditional circumscription of the Melanommataceae
was based on its globose or depressed perithecial ascomata,
bitunicate and fissitunicate asci, pigmented phragmosporous
ascospores as well as the trabeculate pseudoparaphyses
(Barr 1990a; Sivanesan 1984). However, the family has
recently proved polyphyletic (Liew et al. 2000; Kodsueb et
al. 2006a; Kruys et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2007). Bimuria,
Ostropella, Trematosphaeria and Xenolophium occur outside
Melanommataceae (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b;
Zhang et al. 2009a). Species of Byssosphaeria, Bertiella,
Herpotrichia, Pseudotrichia, Pleomassaria as well as
Melanomma resided in the clade of Melanommataceae
(Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009b; Schoch et al. 2009; Zhang
et al. 2009a). The familial status of many genera previously
listed under this family remains to be sorted out (Lumbsch
and Huhndorf 2007).
Montagnulaceae M.E. Barr 2001
The Montagnulaceae was introduced to accommodate
some pleosporalean genera with ascomata immersed under
a clypeus, a pseudoparenchymatous peridium with small
cells, cylindric or oblong asci with pedicels and brown
ascospores (Barr 2001). Three genera were included, i.e.
phragmosporous Kalmusia, dictyosporous Montagnula and
didymosporous Didymosphaerella (Barr 2001). Our molecular
phylogenetic analysis based on multi-genes indicated
that species from Kalmusia, Phaeosphaeria, Bimuria,
Didymocrea, Paraphaeosphaeria, Karstenula, Letendraea
as well as Montagnula resided in the monophylogenetic
clade of the Montagnulaceae (Schoch et al. 2009; Zhang et
al. 2009a).
Morosphaeriaceae Suetrong, Sakay., E.B.G. Jones & C.L.
Schoch 2009
Four marine species, viz. Massarina ramunculicola
(as Morosphaeria ramunculicola), Massarina velataspora
(Morosphaeria velataspora), Helicascus kanaloanus and
H. nypae together with the freshwater species Kirschsteiniothelia
elaterascus form a well supported clade, which
most likely represent a familial rank (Suetrong et al.
2009). Thus, Morosphaeriaceae was introduced to accommodate
these taxa (Suetrong et al. 2009). In
this study, Asteromassaria pulchra is basal to other
species of Morosphaeriaceae, and gets well support
(Plate 1). Thus we tentatively assign Asteromassaria under
Morosphaeriaceae.
Phaeosphaeriaceae M.E. Barr 1979a
The Phaeosphaeriaceae was introduced to accommodate
some pleosporalean genera which have saprobic, parasitic or
hyperparasitic lifestyles and have small- to medium-sized,
subglobose or conical ascomata, bitunicate asci and hyaline or
pigmented ascospores with or without septation (Barr 1979a).
Fourteen genera were included, viz. Comoclathris, Didymella,
Eudarluca, Heptameria, Leptosphaeria, Loculohypoxylon,
Metameris, Microthelia, Nodulosphaeria, Ophiobolus, Paraphaeosphaeria,
Rhopographus, Scirrhodothis and Teichospora
(Barr 1979a), which were subsequently assigned to
various families, such as Loculohypoxylon and Teichospora to
the Teichosporaceae, Paraphaeosphaeria to the Montagnulaceae,
Leptosphaeria to the Leptosphaeriaceae, Comoclathris
to the Diademaceae, Didymella to the Didymellaceae and
Heptameria and Rhopographus to genera incertae sedis of
Dothideomycetes (Aveskamp et al. 2010; de Gruyter et al.
2009; Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007; Zhang et al. 2009a).
Based on multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, a relatively narrow
familial concept is accepted, which is mostly associated with
monocotyledons, with perithecoid, small- to medium-sized
ascomata, and septate ascospores which are fusiform to
filliform (Zhang et al. 2009a). Four genera were accepted,
Ophiosphaerella, Phaeosphaeria, Entodesmium and Setomelanomma
(Zhang et al. 2009a). Together with Cucurbitariaceae,
Didymellaceae, Didymosphaeriaceae, Dothidotthiaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae
and Pleosporaceae, thePhaeosphaeriaceae is
assigned under Pleosporineae (Zhang et al. 2009a).
Pleomassariaceae M.E. Barr 1979a
Both Asteromassaria and Splanchnonema were designated
as representative genera of Pleomassariaceae (Barr
1979a). Currently, four genera are included in Pleomassariaceae,
viz. ?Lichenopyrenis, ?Splanchnonema, ?Peridiothelia
and Pleomassaria (Table 4). The generic type of
Pleomassaria (P. siparia) clustered with species of Melanommataceae
in previous and present studies (Schoch et al.
2009; Zhang et al. 2009a; Plate 1). Zhang et al. (2009a) has
attempted to assign Pleomassariaceae to Melanommataceae
(Zhang et al. 2009a). Based on the distinct morphology and
anamorphic stage of Pleomassaria siparia as well as the
divergence of dendrogram, we hesitantely reinstate Pleomassariaceae
as a separate family in this study.
Pleosporaceae Nitschke 1869
The Pleosporaceae is one of the earliest introduced
families in Dothideomycetes. The Pleosporaceae was
originally assigned under Sphaeriales, which accommodated
species with paraphyses and immersed perithecia (Ellis
and Everhart 1892; Lindau 1897; Winter 1887). Subsequently,
many of the Pleosporaceae species were transferred
to the Pseudosphaeriaceae, which was subsequently
elevated to ordinal rank as Pseudosphaeriales (Theissen