Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

293 Measuring IntelligenceThe Development of Intelligence Tests 293 ■ Principles ofTest Construction: What Makes a Good Test? 297298 The Nature of IntelligenceTheories of Intelligence 298 ■ The Roles of Genetics andEnvironment in Determining Intelligence 304 ■ Cross-Culture Studies of Group Discrimination and IQ Differences308311 Closing Thoughts: Thinking, Language,and Intelligence313 Chapter ReviewKey People and Terms 313328 Critical ThinkingHas Evolution Programmed Us toOvereat?331 Focus on NeuroscienceDopamine Receptors and Obesity334 Focus on NeuroscienceRomantic Love and the Brain336 Culture and Human BehaviorEvolution and Mate Preferences347 Critical ThinkingAre Women Really More EmotionalThan Men?351 Focus on NeuroscienceEmotions and the Brain352 Critical ThinkingEmotion in Nonhuman Animals:Laughing Rats, Silly Elephants, andSmiling Dolphins?361 Enhancing Well-Being withPsychology:Turning Your Goals into RealityCHAPTER 8Motivation and Emotion317 PROLOGUE: Soaring with Angels318 Introduction: Motivation and Emotion319 Motivation Concepts and TheoriesInstinct Theories: Inborn Behaviors as Motivators 319■ Drive Theories: Biological Needs as Motivators 320■ Incentive Motivation: Goal Objects as Motivators 321■ Arousal Theory: Optimal Stimulation as a Motivator 321■ Humanistic Theory: Human Potential as a Motivator 322322 Biological Motivation: Hunger and EatingEnergy Homeostasis: Calories Consumed = Calories Expended323 ■ Short-Term Signals That Regulate Eating 324 ■ Long-Term Signals That Regulate Body Weight 326 ■ ExcessWeight and Obesity 328332 Human SexualityFirst Things First: The Stages of Human Sexual Response 332■ What Motivates Sexual Behavior? 333 ■ SexualOrientation: The Elusive Search for an Explanation 335340 Psychological Needs as MotivatorsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 340 ■ Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory 341 ■ Competence and AchievementMotivation 342344 EmotionThe Functions of Emotion 345 ■ The Subjective Experienceof Emotion 346 ■ The Neuroscience of Emotion 348 ■ TheExpression of Emotion: Making Faces 351355 Theories of Emotion: Explaining EmotionThe James–Lange Theory of Emotion: Do You Run BecauseYou’re Afraid? Or Are You Afraid Because You Run? 355■ Cognitive Theories of Emotion 358360 Closing Theories: Motivation and Emotion363 Chapter ReviewKey People and Terms 363xiii