Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

C-4Appendix C: APA Goals and Outcomes2.4 Design and conduct basic studies to address psychologicalquestions using appropriate research methods.a. Locate and use relevant databases, research, and theory toplan, conduct, and interpret results of research studiesb. Formulate testable research hypotheses, based onoperational definitions of variablesc. Select and apply appropriate methods to maximize internaland external validity and reduce the plausibility ofalternative explanationsd. Collect, analyze, interpret, and report data usingappropriate statistical strategies to address different typesof research questions and hypothesese. Recognize that theoretical and sociocultural contexts as wellas personal biases may shape research questions, design,data collection, analysis, and interpretation• (2.4) To help students understand steps of research and theevaluation of conclusions, Chapter 1 (Introduction and ResearchMethods) provides a step-by-step explanation in the sectiontitled “Steps in the Scientific Method.”• (2.4a) In addition to the presentation of research methods inChapter 1, stated in the previous point, see Appendix A(Statistics: Understanding Data) on pp. A-1–A-14.• (2.4b) Good examples of how to formulate testable researchhypotheses based on operational definitions of variables can befound on p. 18 (a photo) and p. 21, where the text describes apace of life naturalistic observation study.• (2.4d) In addition to coverage in Chapter 1 (Introduction andResearch Methods), data is explored in a thorough but studentfriendlyway in Appendix A (Statistics: Understanding Data) onpp. A-1–A-14. A discussion of test construction principles(standardization, reliability, and validity) appears in Chapter 7(Thinking, Language, and Intelligence) on pp. 297–298.• (2.4e) As examples, see the Culture and Human Behavior in-textbox “What is Cross-Cultural Psychology?” on p. 13 and theChapter 11 (Social Psychology) discussion of the effects ofethnocentrism, group bias, and prejudice on pp. 469–472.2.5 Follow the APA Code of Ethics in the treatment of humanand nonhuman participants in the design, datacollection, interpretation, and reporting of psychologicalresearch.• Hockenbury & Hockenbury repeatedly emphasizes the idea ofethical principles that must be followed in all psychologicalresearch.• In addition to addressing ethics issues in the In Focus in-text boxtitled “Questions About the Use of Animals in PsychologicalResearch” on p. 36, a discussion of the APA code of ethicsappears in Chapter 1 (Introduction and Research Methods) on p.33, highlighting the five key 2002 APA ethics provisions.• At length, Hockenbury & Hockenbury discusses Milgram’sexperiment on obedience in Chapter 11 (Social Psychology) onpp. 476–481, with a focus on the question of ethics raised in theCritical Thinking in-text box “Abuse at Abu Ghraib: Why DoOrdinary People Commit Evil Acts?” on pp. 482–483.2.6 Generalize research conclusions appropriately basedon the parameters of particular research methods.a. Exercise caution in predicting behavior based on limitationsof single studiesb. Recognize the limitations of applying normative conclusionsto individualsc. Acknowledge that research results may have unanticipatedsocietal consequencesd. Recognize that individual differences and socioculturalcontexts may influence the applicability of research findings• (2.6) Various research methods are evaluated in Chapter 1(Introduction and Research Methods) on pp. 21–32.• (2.6a) The subtitle of a section in Chapter 1 says it all—for thesection titled “Case Studies,” the subtitle of “Details, Details,Details” has been added.• (2.6b) Hockenbury & Hockenbury reminds students of the needto recognize individual variation among members of any group.For example, see the Culture and Human Behavior in-text boxtitled “What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?” on p. 13.• (2.6c) Hockenbury & Hockenbury encourages students to stepback and notice the significant societal implications ofpsychological research. This topic is explored through Chapter 11(Social Psychology) on pp. 458–490. Another example appears inChapter 7 (Thinking, Language, and Intelligence) in the sectiontitled “Alfred Binet” on pp. 293–295; this section discusses Binet’sintelligence test and its unanticipated later use as a tool formeasuring an inborn or permanent level of intelligence, whichBinet did not believe he was measuring with his test.• (2.6d) Throughout the chapters, research findings are consideredin light of cultural contexts. A list of in-text box features forCulture and Human Behavior appears on pp. xxviii-xxx. Inaddition, p. xxix presents a complete list of integrated culturalcoverage topics and p. xxxi presents a complete list of integratedgender coverage topics within the main narrative of DiscoveringPsychology.