Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

psychological needs as motivators.See psychological needsas motivatorssensation seeking, 321for sexual behavior, 333–335Thematic Apperception Test(TAT), 343motivational interviewing, 587motor ability tests, B–5motor cortex, primary, 69, 70motor development, milestonesin, 377motor neurons, 45, 56MRI (magnetic resonanceimagining), 34, 35Müller-Lyer illusion, 124–125multiple intelligence, 299–301multiple outs, pseudoscienceand, 23multiple personalities, 561–562multiple sclerosis, 47, 107muscle spasms, 52musical intelligence, 300mutual benefit stage of moraldevelopment, 401myelin, 375myelin sheath, 45, 46, 47myopia, 95naloxone, 55narcissistic leaders, B–10narcolepsy, 155–156narcotics, 170National Health and Social LifeSurvey (NHSLS), 24–25natural concept, 280, 281natural experiment, 32naturalistic observation, 21naturalist intelligence, 300natural selection, 12nature-nurture issue, 3NE. See norepinephrine (NE)nearsightedness, 95negative cognitive bias, 596negative correlation, 26, A–9negative reinforcement, 202–203negative symptoms, 562, 565neo-Freudians, 428–431nerve deafness, 103nerves, 56nervous systemautonomic nervous system,57–58central nervous system(CNS), 56defined, 44, 54–55fight-or-flight response, 58nerves, 56organization of, 59parasympathetic nervoussystem, 58, 59peripheral nervous system,57–59somatic nervous system, 57spinal reflexes, 56sympathetic nervous system,58–59network therapy, 606neural pathways, 62neural stem cells, 56neural tube, 374neurodiversity, 302–303neurogenesis, 62–65neurology, 44neuronsaction potential, 47, 48all-or-none law, 49astrocyte, 45axon, 46–47axon terminals, 50cell body, 46characteristics of, 46–47chromosomes, 46communication between,49–51communication within, 47–49defined, 44, 45dendrites, 46excitatory messages, 51functions of, 46glial cells, 45inhibitory messages, 51interneurons, 45ion channels, 47ions, 47motor neurons, 45myelin sheath, 45, 46, 47nodes of Ranvier, 46nucleus, 46receptor sites, 50resting potential, 47sensory neurons, 45stimulus threshold, 47synapse, 49synaptic gap, 49synaptic transmission, 50synaptic vesicles, 50neurons’ role in long-termmemory, 262–264neuropeptide Y (NPY), 327neurosciencebehavior and, 44–45brain. See brainbrain imaging technology, 34brainstem. See brainstemcerebral hemisphere. Seecerebral hemispheredefined, 11, 45endocrine system. Seeendocrine systemneurons. See neuronsneuroscience of emotionamygdala, 349brain’s role in emotion,349–350different emotions activatedifferent brain areas, 351sympathetic nervous systemand emotion, 348–349neuroscientists, 44neuroticism-emotional stability,440–441, 443neurotransmittersacetylcholine. See acetylcholine(ACh)defined, 50dopamine, 52drugs and their effect on synaptictransmission, 54–55effects of, 51–54endorphins, 52, 53–54GABA (gamma-aminobutyricacid), 52norepinephrine. See norepinephrine(NE)overview, 51serotonin, 52shapes of, 51NHSLS (National Health andSocial Life Survey), 24–25Nicaragua Sign Language, 289nicotine, 55, 171–172, 550nightmares, 150night terrors, 1579/11 terrorist attackcoping behaviors and, 518, 521daily stress and, 501emotion-focused copingstrategies, 522physical effects of stress and,504sleep disruption as indicatorof stress, 504social support and, 516–517virtual reality (VR) therapy ascoping mechanism, 59190 minute sleep cycle, 145nociceptors, 110–111nodes of Ranvier, 46, 47nondeclarative memories, 242nonfalsifiable claims, 23nonverbal gestures, 354norepinephrine (NE), 52, 53,61, 148normal curve, 297, A–7–A–8normal distribution, 297normative social influence, 475novocaine, 173NPY (neuropeptide Y), 327NREM sleepdefined, 141K complexes, 142, 143sleep spindles, 142, 143slow-wave sleep (SWS),142–143stages of, 141–143theta brain waves, 141nucleus, 46obediencedefined, 476evil acts, ordinary peoplecommitting, 482–483influences on, 481–484Milgram’s original obedienceexperiment, 477–480refusal of individual, 483resisting authority’s unacceptableorders, 484shock generator experiment,477–480undermining of, conditionscausing, 480–481obese, 329, 330–331object permanence, 388,389, 392observational learningaggressive behavior and mediaviolence, 224–225applications of, 222–223Bobo doll experiment,220–221defined, 218education-entertainmentprograms, 222–223phobias and, 541obsessions, 543obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD), 543–545obstructive sleep apnea, 155occipital lobe, 69OCD (obsessive-compulsivedisorder), 543–545Oedipus complex, 426–427olfactionabsolute threshold and, 90anosmia, 105defined, 104, 105how we smell, 106–108loss of, 105, 107pheromones, 107olfactory bulb, 65, 106olfactory receptor cells, 106olfactory system, 106one-word of languagedevelopment, 383On the Origin of Species(Darwin), 5, 12On the Origin of Species byMeans of Natural Selection(Darwin), 345operant, 201operant chamber, 208, 209, 215operant conditioningaccidental reinforcement, 210animals helping physicallychallenged, training of, 212applications of, 212behavior modification, 212,591–592biological predispositions and,217–218classical conditioningcompared, 218cognitive aspects of, 213–215cognitive map, 214components of, 207conditioned reinforcer,202, 203contemporary views of,213–218continuous reinforcement, 210defined, 201discriminative stimuli, 207extinction, 210fixed-interval (FI)schedule, 211fixed-ratio (FR) schedule, 210individual behavior and, 212instinctive drift, 217latent learning, 214–215law of effect, 200, 201Subject Index SI-9