Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

428 CHAPTER 10 Personalitycollective unconsciousIn Jung’s theory, the hypothesized partof the unconscious mind that is inheritedfrom previous generations and that containsuniversally shared ancestral experiences andideas.archetypes(AR-kuh-types) In Jung’s theory, the inheritedmental images of universal humaninstincts, themes, and preoccupations thatare the main components of the collectiveunconscious.The Neo-FreudiansFreud’s Descendants and DissentersKey Theme• The neo-Freudians followed Freud in stressing the importance of theunconscious and early childhood, but they developed their ownpersonality theories.Key Questions• How did the neo-Freudians generally depart from Freud’s ideas?• What were the key ideas of Jung, Horney, and Adler?• What are three key criticisms of Freud’s theory and of the psychoanalyticperspective?Freud’s ideas were always controversial. But by the early 1900s, he had attracted anumber of followers, many of whom went to Vienna to study with him. Althoughthese early followers developed their own personality theories, they still recognizedthe importance of many of Freud’s basic notions, such as the influence of unconsciousprocesses and early childhood experiences. In effect, they kept the foundationsthat Freud had established but offered new explanations for personality processes.Hence, these theorists are often called neo-Freudians (the prefix neo means “new”).The neo-Freudians and their theories are considered part of the psychoanalytic perspectiveon personality.In general, the neo-Freudians disagreed with Freud on three key points. First,they took issue with Freud’s belief that behavior was primarily motivated by sexualurges. Second, they disagreed with Freud’s contention that personality is fundamentallydetermined by early childhood experiences. Instead, the neo-Freudiansbelieved that personality can also be influenced by experiences throughout the life -span. Third, the neo-Freudian theorists departed from Freud’s generally pessimisticview of human nature and society.In Chapter 9, on lifespan development, we described the psychosocial theory ofone famous neo-Freudian, Erik Erikson. In this chapter, we’ll look at the basic ideasof three other important neo-Freudians: Carl Jung, Karen Horney, and Alfred Adler.Carl JungArchetypes and the Collective UnconsciousWhat we properly call instincts arephysiological urges, and are perceivedby the senses. But at the same time,they also manifest themselves in fan -tasies and often reveal their presenceonly by symbolic images. These mani -festations are what I call the archetypes.They are without known origin; andthey reproduce themselves in any timeor in any part of the world.CARL JUNG (1964)Born in a small town in Switzerland, Carl Jung (1875–1961) was fascinated by themyths, folktales, and religions of his own and other cultures. After studying medicine,Jung was drawn to the relatively new field of psychiatry because he believed itcould provide deeper insights into the human mind (Jung, 1963).Intrigued by Freud’s ideas, Jung began a correspondence with him. At their firstmeeting, the two men were so compatible that they talked for 13 hours nonstop.Freud felt that his young disciple was so promising that he called him his “adoptedson” and his “crown prince.” It would be Jung, Freud decided, who would succeedhim and lead the international psychoanalytic movement. However, Jung was tooindependent to relish his role as Freud’s unquestioning disciple. As Jung continuedto put forth his own ideas, his close friendship with Freud ultimately ended inbitterness (Solomon, 2003).Jung rejected Freud’s belief that human behavior is fueled by the instinctual drivesof sex and aggression. Instead, Jung believed that people are motivated by a moregeneral psychological energy that pushes them to achieve psychological growth, selfrealization,and psychic wholeness and harmony. Jung (1963) also believed that personalitycontinues to develop in significant ways throughout the life span.