Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPCONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS VARIATIONSConsciousness:The immediate awareness of internaland external stimuliCircadian rhythms:• Daily cycles of psychological and biologicalprocesses• Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus,which responds to light and triggers pinealgland to decrease melatoninWilliam James (1842–1910)Described subjective experience ofconsciousness as an ongoing streamof mental activityWakefulness:Betabrain wavesStage 1 NREM:• Transition fromwakefulness to lightsleep• Alpha and thetabrain wavesSleepNREM sleep:Quiet sleepStage 2 NREM:• Sleep spindles• K complexesStage 3 NREM:Slow-wave sleep (SWS)• Theta and delta brain wavesREM sleep:Dreaming sleep• Voluntary muscle activity issuppressed• Fast brain wave activity• Physiological arousal• Rapid eye movementsStage 4 NREM:Slow-wave sleep• Delta brain waves• Deep, sound sleep• Difficult to awakenDreams and Mental Activity During SleepOver the night:• Five 90-minuteNREM/REM sleepcycles• Slow-wave sleepduring first halfof night• REM episodes getlonger as sleepprogressesSleep patternsOver the lifespan:• Infant has shorter60-minute sleepcycles• Typical 90-minute cyclesemerge by age 5• From childhood tolate adulthood, totalsleep time and SWSdecrease; percentageof NREM Stages1 & 2 increases• REM sleep decreasesduring late adulthoodSleep thinkingDreamsNightmaresSleep and memoryformation:• NREM slow-wave sleephelps form new episodicmemories• REM sleep and NREMstage 2 sleep help formnew procedural memoriesSignificance of dreams:Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)Psychoanalytic theory of dreams• Dream images symbolizerepressed wishes and urges;include manifest content and latent contentJ. Allan Hobson (b. 1933) andRobert McCarley (b. 1937)Activation-synthesis model of dreaming• Dreams are subjective awarenessof internally generated signals during sleep