Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Concept Map527Type A behavior pattern:• Predicts heart disease• Hostility is most important healthcompromisingcomponentIndividual Factors thatInfluence the Response to StressChronic negative emotions:• Produce more stress• Contribute to development ofsome chronic diseasesPersonal control: Impact of stressorsreduced when people feel sense ofcontrol over situationExplanatory style:• Optimistic explanatory style usesexternal, unstable, specific explanationsfor negative events.• Pessimistic explanatory style usesinternal, stable, global explanationsfor negative events.Social support:• Improves health and ability to deal withstressors• May increase stress when inappropriate• Women are more likely to provide socialsupport, but also more vulnerable to the stresscontagion effect• Men are less likely to be upset by negativeevents outside their immediate familyCopingThe ways in which people changecircumstances or their interpretationsof circumstances to make them morefavorable and less threateningEmotion-focused coping:• Involves changing emotionalreactions to thestressor• Includes escapre-avoidance,seeking social support,distancing, denial,and positive reappraisalProblem-focused coping:• Attempts to changestressful situation• Includes confrontive copingand planful problemsolvingCulture’s effect on coping:• Individualistic cultures favorproblem-focused copingstrategies.• Collectivistic cultures emphasizeemotion-focusedstrategies.