Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Concept Map315Measuring IntelligenceAlfred Binet (1857–1911)• Developed the firstwidely acceptedintelligence test• Originated idea ofmental age as differentfrom chronologicalageIntelligence: The global capacity to think rationally, actpurposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.History of intelligence testsLewis Terman (1877–1956)• Translated and adaptedBinet’s test for U.S.• Defined intelligencequotient (IQ),a measure of generalintelligence derivedby comparing anindividual’s score withthe scores of othersin the same age groupThe Nature of IntelligenceDavid Wechsler(1896–1981)• Developed theWechsler AdultIntelligence Scale(WAIS)Psychological tests includeachievement tests and aptitudetests.Requirements:• Standardization: Norms areestablished by administeringtest to a large, representativesample of people under uniformconditions; normsusually reflect normal curveor normal distribution ofscores.• Reliability: Test producesconsistent results whenadministered on repeatedoccasions under similarconditions.• Validity: Test measures whatit is purported to measure.Is intelligence a single factor or a cluster ofdifferent abilities? How narrowly shouldintelligence be defined?Charles Spearman (1863–1945)• Intelligence can be described as a single factorcalled general intelligence, or the g factor.Louis L. Thurstone (1887–1955)• Seven primary mental abilitiesHoward Gardner (b. 1943)• Multiple intelligencesRobert Sternberg (b. 1949)• Triarchic theory of intelligence: Successfulintelligence involves analytic, creative, andpractical mental abilities.• Intelligence, as measured by IQ, is theresult of a complex interaction betweenheredity and the environment.• Hereditability: the percentage ofvariation within a given populationthat is due to heredity.• There is more variation within groupsthan between groups.Effects of culture on measurements ofintelligence:• Average IQ scores of the dominantsocial group tend to be higher than theaverage IQ scores of other groups.• Intelligence tests can be culturallybiased.• Stereotype threat can lower test scoresin people who are aware that theybelong to negatively viewed groups.