Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

operant conditioning (Continued)learned helplessness, 215–216negative reinforcement,202–203operant, 201order in behavior, 201partial reinforcementeffect, 210phobias and, 541positive reinforcement, 202primary reinforcer, 202, 203punishment, 204–206punishment by application, 204punishment by removal, 204puzzle-box studies, 200reinforcement, 201–204schedule of reinforcement,210–212secondary reinforcer, 203shaping, 209shuttlebox, 215Skinner box, 208, 209variable-interval (VI)schedule, 211variable-ratio (VR)schedule, 211operational definition, 18opiates, 53, 170, 171opponent-process theory of colorvision, 100–101optic chiasm, 97optic disk, 94, 96optic diskoptic nerve, 97optic nerve, 94optimistic explanatory style, 510oral stage, 425–426, 427order in behavior, 201organizational behaviorbehavioral theories of leadereffectiveness, B–9discrepancy hypothesis, B–8job satisfaction, B–7–B–8leader-member exchangemodel, B–9leadership, B–8–B–10Managerial Grid, B–9narcissistic leaders, B–10servant leadership, B–10situational (contingency)theories of leadership,B–9trait approach to leadereffectiveness, B–8orgasm phase of human sexualresponse, 333origins of psychologyfounder of psychology, 4heredity vs. environment, 3humanistic psychology, 8, 9interactive dualism, 3introspection, 4–5nature-nurture issue, 3overview, 2–3philosophy, influence of, 3physiology, influence of, 3structuralism, 4–5outer ear, 102out-group, 470–471out-group homogeneityeffect, 471ovaries, 60, 61overeating, 330overestimation effect, 288overt behavior, 8, 137overweight, factors in becoming,329–330oxycodone, 170OxyContin, 170oxytocin, 60Pacinian corpuscle, 109painacupuncture and, 117biofeedback and, 129C fibers, 110chronic, 112control of, strategies for,129–130counterirritation used tocontrol, 130defined, 110A-delta fibers, 110distraction used tocontrol, 130drugs used to control, 129endorphins, 111enkephalins, 111fast pain system, 110gate-control theory of,110–111hypnosis used to control,129, 159, 163imagery used to control, 130kappa opioids, 111magnets used to control, 130nociceptors, 110positive self-talk used tocontrol, 130relaxation used to control, 130sensitivity of different bodyareas to, 110sensitization, 111–112slow pain system, 110substance P, 110pain, perception of, 53–54pancreas, 60panic attacks, 538–539panic disorders, 538–539parahippocampal place area(PPA), 279paralysis, drugs causing, 55paranoid personality disorder,556–557paranoid schizophrenia, 566paranormal phenomena, 116parapsychology, 116–117parasomnias, 153, 156–157parasympathetic nervous system,58, 59parenthoodadult development, 405–406authoritarian parenting style,410, 411authoritative parenting style,410, 411–412induction, 410, 412permissive parenting style,410, 411single-parent families, 406parietal lobe, 69Parkinson’s disease, 52, 53, 107Parkinson’s syndrome, 53partial reinforcement effect, 210participation in researchstudies, 33Paxil, 55PCP, 177peek experiences, 341penis envy, 427perceptionbottom-up processing, 112, 113conceptually-drivenprocessing, 113cultural influence on, 114data-driven processing, 113depth perception. See depthperceptionESP (extrasensoryperception), 116experience and perceptualinterpretations, 127–128figure-ground relationship, 115Gestalt principles oforganization, 118Gestalt psychology, 115, 118illusions. See perceptual illusionsimagination and, 279induced motion, 122language and, 290–291law of Prägnanz, 118law of simplicity, 118of motion, 121–123overview, 88–89perceptual constancy, 123perceptual grouping, 117–118perceptual set, 127of shape, 115–118stroboscopic motion, 122top-down processing, 112, 113perceptual constancy, 123perceptual grouping, 117–118perceptual illusionsdefined, 124, 125impossible figures, 126moon illusion, 125–126Müller-Lyer illusion, 120,124–125Shepard Tables, 126perceptual set, 127Percodan, 170perfect positive correlation, 26peripheral nervous system, 57–59permissive parenting style,410, 411personal control, 510personalityassessing. See personalityassessmentdefined, 419and disease, 514humanistic perspective on,433–436human nature, 435identical twins, 444neo-freudians, 428–432personality theory, 419possible selves, 451–452psychoanalytic perspective on,420–425social cognitive perspective on,436–439trait perspective on. See traitperspective on personalitypersonality assessmentCalifornia Personality Inventory(CPI), 449graphology, 448Minnesota Multiphasic PersonalityInventory (MMPI),449–450projective test, 446–447psychological test, 446Rorschach Inkblot Test, 447self-report inventories,449–451Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaire (16PF),449–450Thematic Apperception Test(TAT), 447personality development,425–427personality disordersantisocial, 557–559borderline, 558–559defined, 555paranoid, 556–557personality psychology, 15personality tests, B–6person-centered therapy, 585personnel psychologycognitive ability test, B–4, B–5integrity test, B–5job analysis, B–3–B–4mechanical ability test, B–5motor ability tests, B–5performance appraisal systems,designing, B–4personality tests, B–5, B–6personnel selection, B–4–B–7psychological tests, B–4–B–6selection device validity,B–4, B–5selection interviews, B–7sensory ability tests, B–5situational exercises, B–6–B–7training programs, designing,B–4Wonderlic Personnel Test-Revised (WPT-R), B–5work samples, B–6–B–7personnel selection, B–4–B–7person perceptiondefined, 459explicit cognition, 460implicit cognition, 460implicit personality theory, 461interpersonal context, 459social categorization, 460–463social norms, 460perspectives in psychologybehavioral, 10–11SI-10 Subject Index