Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Concept Map365MotivationPsychological NeedsCompetence motivation:• Striving to be capable and exercisecontrolAchievement motivation:• Striving to excel and outperformothers• Measured by the ThematicApperception Test (TAT)Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)Hierarchy of needs: Motives are arranged in a hierarchyfrom basic survival needs to self-actualization.Edward L. Deci (b. 1942) and Richard Ryan (b. 1953)Self-determination theory (SDT)Stresses importance of:• Autonomy• Competence• Relatedness• Intrinsic motives versus extrinsic motivesEmotionComponents:• Subjective experience• Physiological response• Behavioral or expressive responseTheories of EmotionCognitive appraisal theory:Theorists: Craig Smith and RichardLazarus• Emotions are triggered by cognitiveevaluations of events.Functions of emotions:• Trigger motivated behavior• Contribute to rational decisionmaking and purposeful behavior• Helps solve adaptive problems• May involve arousal of sympatheticnervous system• Fear activates the amygdalaJames–Lange theory:Theorist: William James (1842–1910)• Emotion results from perceptionof biological and behavioralresponses• Facial feedback hypothesis:Facial expression of emotioncreates subjective experience ofthe emotionTwo-factor theory:Theorists: Stanley Schachter &Jerome Singer• Emotion results from applying acognitive label to feelings ofarousal.Basic emotions:• Biologically determined and culturally universal• Include fear, disgust, surprise, happiness,anger, and sadness• Collectivistic cultures emphasize emotionsinvolving interpersonal engagement• Emotional expression is regulated bycultural display rulesPaul Ekman (b. 1934):• Analyzed facial expressions• Demonstrated that facial expressions forbasic emotions are culturally universal