Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Concept Map455Social Cognitive PerspectiveTrait PerspectiveAlbert Bandura (b. 1925), socialcognitive theory:• Active processing of informationfrom social experiences• Conscious self-generated goalsand self-regulation• Development of a self-systembased on a person’s skills, abilities,and attitudesTrait theories identify, describe, andmeasure individual differences intraits.• Surface traits can be inferred fromeasily observable behaviors.• Source traits are the most basicdimensions of personality.Raymond Cattell (1905–1998)• Identified 16 personality factors• Developed a test to measure the16 factorsHans Eysenck (1916–1997)• Proposed three basic personalitydimensions.Reciprocal determinism is the interactionof behavioral, cognitive, andenvironmental factors in the selfregulationof behavior.Self-efficacy:• Beliefs in a particular situationinfluence a person’s motivation,behavior, performance, andpersistence.Behavioral genetics studies the effectsof genes and heredity on behaviorand traits.Five-factor model of personalityidentified five source traits:• Neuroticism• Extraversion• Openness to experience• Agreeableness• ConscientiousnessAssessing PersonalitySelf-report inventories:• Use standardized question andanswer formats• Are objectively scored withresults compared to establishednorms• Include the MMPI, CPI, 16PF,and MBTIProjective tests:• Based on psychoanalyticperspective• Person responds to vaguestimulus• Subjectively scored• Include Rorscharch Inkblot Testand Thematic ApperceptionTestPsychological tests should:• Be valid and reliable• Accurately reflect a person’scharacteristics• Predict future psychologicaland behavioral functioning