Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

abbling, language development,382–382barbiturates, 169–170basal metabolic rate (BMR),323, 330basic anxiety, 430basic emotions, 354basilar membrane, 103behavioraffecting attitudes, 467–469cultural influence on, 11neuroscience and, 44–45study of from differentperspectives, 10behavioral component ofattitudes, 467behavioral genetics, 443–445behavioral perspective, 10–11behavioral theories of leadereffectiveness, B–9behaviorism, 8, 189–190Little Albert and, 191–193Behaviorism (Watson), 8behavior modification, 209,212, 217behavior therapyanxiety hierarchy, 589aversive conditioning, 590classical conditioning,588–591contingency management, 592counterconditioning, 588defined, 588operant conditioning, 591–592progressive relaxation, 589systematic desensitization, 588,589–590token economy, 592virtual reality (VR) therapy, 591belief-bias effect, 288Benzedrine, 173beta-amyloid plaques,268–269beta brain waves, 141–142beta-endorphins, 54Beyond Freedom and Dignity(Skinner), 208binge drinking, 168–169binge eating, 554binocular cues, 120–121binocular disparity, 120biofeedback, 129biological and environmentalclocks that regulateconsciousnesscircadian rhythms, 138desynchronized circadianrhythm, 139jet lag, 140melatonin, 138, 139sunlight and circadian rhythm,139–140suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),138, 139biological basis for memoryAplysia, 263classical conditioning and,260–261engram, 260, 261long-term potentiation,262, 263memory trace, 260, 261neurons’ role in long-termmemory, 262–264sensory experience, retrievingmemory of, 262biological clock, 139biological motivationadipose tissue, 323basal metabolic rate (BMR), 323body weigh over lifespan,eating and, 327body weight, long-term signalsthat regulate, 326–327cholecystokinin (CCK), 325eating, short-term signals thatregulate, 324–326energy homeostasis,323–324, 325excess weight and obesity. Seeexcess weight and obesityghrelin, 324–325glucose, 323, 324insulin, 323, 326leptin, 326, 327neuropeptide Y (NPY), 327overview, 322–323physiological changes thatpredict eating, 324–325positive incentive value, 325psychological factors thattrigger eating, 325satiation, 325satiation signals, 325–326sensory-specific satiety,326, 327set-point theory, 327settling-point models of weightregulation, 327biological perspective, 10biological predispositions andoperant conditioning,217–218biological preparedness,197–199biological psychology, 14,44, 45biology, 44biomedical therapiesantianxiety medications, 610antidepressant medications,610, 611–613antipsychotic medications,607–610atypical antipsychoticmedications, 609defined, 580, 581electroconvulsive therapy(ECT), 614–615lithium, 610psychotherapy and, 580–582psychotropic medications, 607selective scratonin reuptakeinhibitors (SSRIs), 612biopsychology, 14, 44biopsychosocial model, 498biosocial developmental theoryof borderline personalitydisorder, 559bipolar cells, 96bipolar disorder, 548–549bisexual, 335–337blaming the victim, 464, 466blended families, 407blindness. See also visioncircadian rhythm and, 100color, 100blind spot, 96BMI (body mass index), 329BMR (basal metabolic rate),323, 330Bobo doll experiment, 220–221bodily-kinestheticintelligence, 300body mass index (BMI), 329body weight over lifespan,eating, 327body weight, long-term signalsthat regulate, 326–327borderline personality disorder,558–559bottom-up processing, 113Botox, 52botulism, 52brainadolescence and changes in,396–397Alzheimer’s disease, mappingchanges in, 268antidepressant medicationand, 613biological clock and, 139bipolar disorder, activityduring, 548brain-imaging technology, 34characteristics of, 62cortical localization, 62, 63depression and, 613dreams and, 148, 152ecstasy effects on, 176electrical impulses in, 47environment and, 81–82exercise and, 81–82fear circuits in, 350forebrain, 68–72, 374functional MRI (fMRI), 34functional plasticity, 62function differences in andcultural perceptions, 114hallucinations, activityduring, 564hindbrain, 66–67, 374hypnosis, PET scansduring, 162magnetic resonance imagining(MRI), 34maximizing potential of, 81–82memory, structures involvedin, 267methamphetamine effecton, 173midbrain, 67, 374mirror neuron system and, 219myths about, 78neural pathways, 62neurogenesis, 62–65neurons’ role in long-termmemory, 262–264nicotine effects in, 550obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) and, 550olfactory system and, 106overview, 61–62personality traits, activitypatterns, 443phrenology, 62, 63plasticity, 62, 64position emission tomography(PET), 34romantic love, 334schizophrenia and, 570sleep deprivation and, 146structural plasticity, 62synaptic connections, 264vision and, 97–98, 99brain areasamygdala, 35, 146, 267, 349cerebellum, 67, 267frontal lobes, 267fusiform facial area (FFA), 279hippocampus, 35, 267medial temporal lobe, 267parahippocampal place area(PPA), 279prefrontal cortex, 267brain imaging technology, 34brain mapping, 63brain scans, 35brainstemcerebellum, 67, 267cerebral cortex, 66, 68contralateral organization, 67corpus callosum, 67defined, 66forebrain, 374hindbrain, 66–67, 374medulla, 67midbrain, 67, 374pons, 67reticular formation, 67brain waves, 140brightness, 99Broca’s aphasia, 74bug listing technique, 312bulimia nervosa, 553, 554Burakumin people of Japan, 309burden of proof, shifting, 23bystander effect, 487C fibers, 110–111cafeteria diet effect, 328, 330caffeine, 171–172California Personality Inventory(CPI), 449Cannabis sativa, 175careers in adulthood, 406–407carpentered-worldhypothesis, 127case studies, 22–23cataplexy, 155–156catastrophic cognitionstheory, 539SI-2 Subject Index