Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

eating, short-term signals thatregulate, 324–326eating disordersanorexia nervosa, 553–554binge eating, 554bulimia nervosa, 553, 554causes of, 554–555defined, 553purging, 554sleep-related, 158Ebbinghaus forgetting curve,248–249echoic memory, 235eclecticism, 604eclectic psychotherapists, 605ECT (electroconvulsive therapy),15, 614–615educational psychology, 14education-entertainmentprograms, 222–223EEG (electroencephalogram), 140ego, 423egocentrism, 389ego defense mechanisms,424–425elaborative rehearsal, 238,239, 270electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),15, 614–615electroencephalogram (EEG), 140electroencephalograph, 140electromyogram (EMG), 140electrooculogram (EOG), 140electroshock therapy, 614elimination by aspectsmodel, 285embryo, 373embryonic period, 373–374EMDR (eye movement desensitizationreprocessing),175–177, 604–605EMG (electromyogram), 140emotionbasic emotions, 346culture and, 346–348defined, 344, 345emotional intelligence, 345evolutionary explanations of,345–346expression of. See expressionof emotionfunctions of, 345–346gender differences in, 347interpersonal engagement, 346mixed emotions, 346moods compared to, 344neuroscience of, 348–351subjective experiences of,346–348theories of. See theories ofemotionemotional component ofattitudes, 467emotional intelligence,emotional reactions, 190–193emotional support, 517emotion-focused strategies,519–522empathic understanding, 586empirical evidence, 16employment settings of I/Opsychologist, B–13–B–14encoding, 232, 238–240encoding failure, 249–250encoding specificityprinciple, 246endocrine systemadrenal cortex, 60adrenal glands, 60adrenal medulla, 61defined, 44, 59gonads, 61hormones, 59hypothalamus, 60ovaries, 60, 61pancreas, 60pineal gland, 60pituitary gland, 60stress and, 504–506testes, 60, 61thyroid gland, 60endogenous morphines, 53endorphin hypothesis, 54endorphin rush, 54endorphins, 52, 53–54, 170energy homeostasis, 320,323–324, 325engram, 260, 261environmental clocks. Seebiological andenvironmental clocks thatregulate consciousnessenvironment vs. heredity, 3EOG (electrooculogram), 140epigenetics, 372–373epileptic seizures, 76epinephrine, 61episodic memory, 148, 240Erikson’s psychosocial stagesof development, 399–400Eros, 423escape-avoidance strategy, 520ESP (extrasensory perception),116estrogen, 61, 334estrus, 333ethical issues, 193Ethical Principles of Psychologistsand Code of Conduct(APA), 33ethics in psychological researchanimals used in psychologicalresearch, 36APA code of ethics, 33confidentiality ofinformation, 33deception, use of, 33ethical principles, 33informed consent, 33students as researchparticipants, 33study and debriefing,information about, 33voluntary participation, 33ethnocentrism, 12, 13, 471events, lawful and explainable, 16evil acts, ordinary peoplecommitting, 482–483evolutionexcess weight and obesityand, 328mate preferences and, 336evolutionary aspects of classicalconditioning, 196–199evolutionary perspective, 12–14evolutionary psychology, 12excess weight and obesitybasal metabolic rate (BMR), 330body mass index (BMI), 329cafeteria diet effect, 328, 330dieting, 331dopamine receptors, 331evolution and, 328genetics and environment,interaction of, 330–331highly palatable foods, 328,329, 330leptin resistance, 330, 331metabolism, age and genderdifferences in, 330obese, 329obesity, factors involved in,330–331overeating, 330overweight, factors inbecoming, 329–330positive incentive value, 328sedentary lifestyle, 330weight cycling, 330, 331excitatory messages, 51excitement phase of humansexual response, 332exemplars, 280, 281exercise minimizing effects ofstress, 523expectancy effect, 28experience of color, 98–99experimental condition, 27experimental controls, 27experimental group, 27, 30experimental methodscontrol group/condition, 27defined, 18, 27demand characteristics, 28, 29double-blind technique, 29expectancy effect, 28experimental group/condition, 27ginkgo biloba experiment,27–29hotel experiment, 29–32main effect, 29placebo, 27placebo control group, 27placebo effect, 29practice effect, 28, 29random assignment, 29variables, types of, 27experimental procedure, 30experimental psychology, 14experiments, variations andlimitations of, 32explanatory style and stress,510–511explicit cognition, 460explicit memory, 240–242exposure therapy, 604, 605expression of emotionbasic emotions, 354culture and, 354–355display rules, 354, 355facial expressions, 353general discussion, 351–354in nonhuman animals,352–353nonverbal gestures, 354universal facial expressions, 354The Expression of the Emotions inMan and Animals(Darwin), 345, 351, 352expressive aphasia, 74external circumstances, 603extinction, 189, 205, 210extraneous variables, 27extrasensory perception(ESP), 116extraverts, 429, 440, 443extrinsic motivation, 312, 342eye movement desensitizationreprocessing (EMDR),604–605Eysenck’s theory of personalitytypes, 440–441facial expressions, 353fallacy of positive instances,116, 288false familiarity, 260false memoriesblending fact and fiction, 260factors contributing to, 260false familiarity, 260imagination inflation,257–259, 260lost-in-the-mall study, 257–258misinformation effect, 260repressed memory therapy,258–259schema distortion, 260source confusion, 260suggestion, 260false memory, 256families and households, changingstructure of, 405–406family therapy, 600farsightedness, 95fear, 191, 198, 349–350Fentanyl, 170fetal period, 374–375FFA (fusiform facial area), 279fight-or-flight response, 58, 504,505, 521figure-ground relationship, 115Finnish Adoptive Family Studyof Schizophrenia, 571–572first 90 minutes of sleep,141–145five-factor model of personality,442fixation, 426fixed action patterns, 320fixed-interval (FI) schedule, 211Subject Index SI-5